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{{short description|Digital library portal operated by the Smithsonian}}
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The '''SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System''' ('''ADS''') is an [[online database]] of over 16 million [[astronomy]] and [[physics]] papers developed by the [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] (NASA). [[abstract (summary)|Abstracts]] are freely available for most articles, and fully scanned articles may be available in [[Graphics Interchange Format]] (GIF) and [[Portable Document Format]] (PDF). Hosted papers may be from [[peer review]]ed and/or non-peer
ADS is a powerful research tool with significant impact on the efficiency of astronomical research since it was started in 1992.<ref name="announcement">{{cite journal |last=Kurtz |first=M.J. |display-authors=et al. |year=1993 |title=Intelligent Text Retrieval in the NASA Astrophysics Data System |journal=Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems II |volume=52 |page=132 |bibcode=1993ASPC...52..132K}}</ref> Because its search engine is customized for astronomical needs, ADS greatly reduces the time to complete literature searches, which would commonly take days or weeks. Studies have found that the monetary benefit to astronomy that ADS saves is equivalent to several hundred million [[USD|US dollars]] annually (2005).<ref name="overview" /><ref name='impact'/>
ADS is used among [[
==History==
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At first, the journal articles available via ADS were [[Image scanner|scan]]ned [[bitmap]]s created from the paper journals, but from 1995 onwards, the ''[[Astrophysical Journal]]'' began to publish an on-line edition, soon followed by the other main journals such as ''[[Astronomy and Astrophysics]]'' and the ''[[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]]''. ADS provided links to these electronic editions from their first appearance. Since the year 1995, the number of ADS users has doubled roughly every two years. ADS now has agreements with almost all astronomical journals, who supply abstracts. Scanned articles from as far back as the early 19th century are available via the service, which now contains over eight million documents.
In 2011 the ADS launched ADS Labs Streamlined Search which introduced [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228582891_Retrieval_from_facet_spaces facets] for query refinement and selection. In 2013 ADS Labs 2.0 featuring a new search engine, full-text search functionality, scalable facets and an API was introduced. In 2015 the new ADS, codenamed Bumblebee, was released as ADS-beta. The ADS-beta system features a microservices API and client-side dynamic page loading served on a cloud platform. In May 2018 the beta label was dropped and Bumblebee became the default ADS
The ADS service is distributed worldwide, with twelve [[Web mirror|mirror sites]] in twelve countries on five continents, with the database synchronized by means of weekly updates using [[rsync]], a mirroring utility which allows updates to only the portions of the database which have changed. All updates are triggered centrally, but they initiate scripts at the mirror sites which "pull" updated data from the main ADS servers.<ref name="architecture">{{cite journal |last1=Accomazzi |first1=A. |last2=Eichhorn |first2=G. |last3=Kurtz |first3=M.J. |last4=Grant |first4=C.S. |last5=Murray |first5=S.S. |year=2000 |title=The NASA Astrophysics Data System: Architecture |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series |volume=143 |issue=1 |pages=85–109 |doi=10.1051/aas:2000172 |bibcode=2000A&AS..143...85A |arxiv=astro-ph/0002105 |s2cid=7182316}}</ref>
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references (including planetary sciences and solar physics), [[physics]] references (including instrumentation and geosciences), as well as preprints of scientific papers from [[arXiv]]. The astronomy database is by far the most advanced and its use accounts for about 85% of the total ADS usage. Articles are assigned to the different databases according to the subject rather than the journal they are published in, so that articles from any one journal might appear in all three subject databases. The separation of the databases allows searching in each discipline to be tailored, so that words can automatically be given different [[weight function]]s in different database searches, depending on how common they are in the relevant field.<ref name="architecture"/>
Data in the preprint archive is updated daily from the [[arXiv]], the main repository of physics and astronomy preprints. The advent of preprint servers has, like ADS, a significant impact on the rate of astronomical research, as papers are often made available from preprint servers weeks or months before they are published in the journals. The incorporation of preprints from the arXiv into ADS means that the search engine can return the most current research available, with the caveat that preprints may not have been peer
==Software and hardware==
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===Result filtering===
Search results can be filtered according to a number of criteria, including specifying a range of years such as '1945 to 1975', '2000 to the present day' or 'before 1900', and what type of journal the article appears in [–] non-peer
==Search results==
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ADS is almost universally used as a research tool among astronomers, and there are several studies that have estimated quantitatively how much more efficient ADS has made astronomy; one estimated that ADS increased the efficiency of astronomical research by 333 full-time equivalent research years per year,<ref name="overview" /> and another found that in 2002 its effect was equivalent to 736 full-time researchers, or all the astronomical research done in France.<ref name="impact" /> ADS has allowed literature searches that would previously have taken days or weeks to carry out to be completed in seconds, and it is estimated that ADS has increased the readership and use of the astronomical literature by a factor of about three since its inception.<ref name="impact" />
In monetary terms, this increase in efficiency represents a considerable amount. There are about 12,000 active astronomical researchers worldwide, so ADS is the equivalent of about 5% of the working population of astronomers. The global astronomical research budget is estimated at between 4,000 and US$5,000 million,<ref name="woltjer">{{cite conference |last=Woltjer |first=L. |year=1998 |title=Economic Consequences of the Deterioration of the Astronomical Environment |conference=23rd General Assembly of the International Astronomical Union |book-title=Preserving The Astronomical Windows. Proceedings of Joint Discussion number 5 of the 23rd General Assembly of the International Astronomical Union held in Kyoto, Japan
The great importance of ADS to astronomers has been recognized by the [[United Nations]], the [[United Nations General Assembly|General Assembly]] of which has commended ADS on its work and success, particularly noting its importance to astronomers in the developing world, in reports of the [[United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space]]. A 2002 report by a visiting committee to the Center for Astrophysics, meanwhile, said that the service had "revolutionized the use of the astronomical literature", and was "probably the most valuable single contribution to astronomy research that the CfA has made in its lifetime".<ref name="awards">{{cite web |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/about/awards.html |title=ADS Awards and Recognition |publisher=Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics |access-date=25 March 2022}}</ref>
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