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=== Optimization ===
[[Simulated annealing]], when used with a logarithmic cooling schedule, has been proven to find the global optimum of any optimization problem. However, such a cooling schedule results in entirely impractical runtimes, and is never used.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Liang |first1=Faming |first2=Yichen |last2=Cheng |first3=Guang |last3=Lin |title=Simulated stochastic approximation annealing for global optimization with a square-root cooling schedule |journal=Journal of the American Statistical Association |volume=109 |issue=506 |year=2014 |pages=847–863|doi=10.1080/01621459.2013.872993 |s2cid=123410795 }}</ref> However, knowing this ideal algorithm exists has led to practical variants that are able to find very good (though not provably optimal) solutions to complex optimization problems.<ref>{{cite journal |author= Ingber, Lester |title=Simulated annealing: Practice versus theory |journal=Mathematical and Computer Modelling |volume=18 |issue=11 |year=1993 |pages=29–57|doi=10.1016/0895-7177(93)90204-C |doi-access=free |citeseerx=10.1.1.15.1046 }}</ref>
=== Minimum Spanning Trees ===
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