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Line 1: {{Userspace draft\|date=~~September~~January ~~2021~~2024}} {{IPA key\|H:IPA-FUZHOU}} The charts below show the way in which the [[International Phonetic Alphabet\|International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)]] represents [[Taiwanese Hokkien]] (also called Taiwanese) pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see ~~{{tl\|~~[[Template:IPA~~-taiwan}}~~]] and {{section link\|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation#Entering IPA characters}}. Note that the [[Pe̍h-ōe-jī]] (POJ) applied in this page is [[Ernest Tipson]]'s [[Pe̍h-ōe-jī#Maturity\|version]], while Chinese Examples are pronounced with [[Literary and colloquial readings of Chinese characters\|literary reading]] with [[Taiwanese Romanization System]] (TL) spelling in default unless specified. ~~<!--~~ {{horizontal TOC}} ~~-->~~ == Consonants == Line 11: ! colspan=6\| [[Consonant]]s \|- ![[Help:IPA\|IPA]] !! ~~BUC~~[[Pe̍h-ōe-jī\|POJ]] !! [[Taiwanese Romanization System\|TL]] !! [[Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols\|Phonetic Symbols]] !! Chinese Example !! English approximation \|- \| style="text-align:center;" \| <big>{{IPA link\|p}}</big> Line 212: ![[Help:IPA\|IPA]] !! [[Pe̍h-ōe-jī\|POJ]] !! [[Taiwanese Romanization System\|TL]] !! [[Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols\|Phonetic Symbols]] !! Chinese Example !! English approximation \|- \| style="text-align:center;" \| <big>{{IPA link\|ä\|a}}</big> \| style="text-align:center;" colspan=2 \| a \| style="text-align:center;" \| ㄚ Line 533: \|- \| colspan=9 \| '''Note:''' ◌ can be any of the four stop consonant finals in Taiwanese as listed in the [[#Consonants\|above]]. \|} ==Dialectal segments== ===[[Quanzhou\|Choân-chiu]] Dialect=== {\| class="wikitable" \|- ! colspan=6\| [[Consonant]]s \|- ![[Help:IPA\|IPA]] !! [[Pe̍h-ōe-jī\|POJ]] !! [[Taiwanese Romanization System\|TL]] !! [[Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols\|Phonetic Symbols]] !! Chinese Example !! English approximation \|- \| style="text-align:center;" \| <big>{{IPA link\|d͡ʑ}}</big> \| style="text-align:center;" rowspan=4 \| j \| style="text-align:center;" \| j \| style="text-align:center;" \| [[File:Extended Bopomofo U+31A2.svg\|11px]] \| style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2 \| 字 ('''j'''ī / '''l'''ī) \| like '''[[Voiced palato-alveolar affricate\|j]]'''eep, pronounced further forward toward the teeth ([[Alveolo-palatal consonant\|palatalized]]).{{efn\|name=dz}} \|- \| style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2 \| <big>{{IPA link\|l}}</big> \| style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2 \| l \| style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2 \| ㄌ \| rowspan=2\| '''l'''ap \|- \| style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2 \| 熱 ('''j'''ua̍h / '''l'''ua̍h) \|- \| style="text-align:center;" \| <big>{{IPA link\|d͡z}}</big> \| style="text-align:center;" \| j \| style="text-align:center;" \| [[File:Extended Bopomofo U+31A1.svg\|11px]] \| pa'''ds''' {{efn\|name=dz}} \|- ! colspan=6\| [[Vowel]]s \|- \| style="text-align:center;" \| <big>{{IPA link\|ə}}</big> \| style="text-align:center;" \| e \| style="text-align:center;" \| er<!--, erh--> \| style="text-align:center;" \| ㄜ \| style="text-align:center;" \| 火 (h'''ér'''){{efn\|name=lokkang\|In [[Lukang, Changhua\|Lo̍k-káng]] [[Quanzhou\|Choân-chiu]] accent}} \| '''a'''bout {{efn\|name=er\|⟨er⟩ [{{IPA link\|ə}}]<!--http://www.ntcu.edu.tw/tailo/g_in/form/f_04.html--> is also transcribed as [{{IPA link\|ɘ}}] by some scholars despite the slight difference. In addition, ⟨er⟩ is alternatively spelled as ⟨oe⟩ while its Phonetic Symbol is replaced with [[File:Extended Bopomofo eer.svg\|11px]] in textbooks and academic publishing by {{interlanguage link multi\|Ngoo Siu Le\|zh\|3=吳守禮}}.}} \|- \| style="text-align:center;" \| <big>{{IPA link\|ɨ}}</big> \| style="text-align:center;" \| i / u \| style="text-align:center;" \| ir<!--irh, irp, irt, irk, irm, irn, irng, irinn--> \| style="text-align:center;" \| [[File:Extended Bopomofo U+31A8.svg\|11px]] \| style="text-align:center;" \| 豬 (t'''ir''') \| roughly like glass'''e'''s; sometimes pronounced as [{{IPA link\|ɯ}}] as g'''oo'''se ([[California English\|California]]){{efn\|name=samkia}}{{efn\|name=lokkang}} \|- \| style="text-align:center;" \| <big>{{IPA\|ɘ̯e}}</big> \| style="text-align:center;" \| oe \| style="text-align:center;" \| ere<!--, ereh--> \| style="text-align:center;" \| ㄜ[[File:Extended Bopomofo U+31A4.svg\|11px]] \| style="text-align:center;" \| 雞 (k'''ere'''){{efn\|name=samkia\|In [[Sanxia District\|Sam-Kiap]] [[Quanzhou\|Choân-chiu]] accent}} \| \|- \| style="text-align:center;" \| <big>{{IPA\|ɘ̯u}}</big> \| style="text-align:center;" \| io \| style="text-align:center;" \| eru \| style="text-align:center;" \| ㄜㄨ \| style="text-align:center;" \| 購 (k'''erù'''){{efn\|name=lokkang}} \| \|- \| style="text-align:center;" \| <big>{{IPA\|ɨ̯̃ĩ}}</big> \| style="text-align:center;" \| eng \| style="text-align:center;" \| irinn \| style="text-align:center;" \| [[File:Extended Bopomofo U+31A8.svg\|11px]][[File:Extended Bopomofo U+31B3.svg\|11px]] \| style="text-align:center;" \| 肩 (k'''irinn'''){{efn\|In [[Baozhong,_Yunlin\|Po-tiong]] [[Quanzhou\|Choân-chiu]] [[Nan'an, Fujian\|Lâm-oaⁿ]] accent}} \| \|} ===[[Zhangzhou\|Chiang-chiu]] Dialect=== {\| class="wikitable" \|- ! colspan=6\| [[Consonant]]s \|- ![[Help:IPA\|IPA]] !! [[Pe̍h-ōe-jī\|POJ]] !! [[Taiwanese Romanization System\|TL]] !! [[Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols\|Phonetic Symbols]] !! Chinese Example !! English approximation \|- \| style="text-align:center;" \| <big>{{IPA link\|ɲ\|ȵ}}</big> \| style="text-align:center;" \| n \| style="text-align:center;" \| gn \| style="text-align:center;" \| [[File:MoeKai Bopomofo U+312C.svg\|14px]] \| style="text-align:center;" \| 耳 ('''gn'''í){{efn\|name=oldchiangchiu\|In Taiwanese [[Yongjing, Changhua\|Éng-tsēng]] [[Zhangzhou\|old Chiang-chiu]] accent.}} \| like o'''ni'''on {{efn\|name=cchiu\|⟨gn⟩ [{{IPA\|ȵ}}], (enn) [{{IPA\|ẽ}}], ⟨ee⟩ [{{IPA\|ɛ}}], ⟨eeh⟩ [{{IPA\|ɛʔ}}], ⟨eenn⟩ [{{IPA\|ɛ̃}}], ⟨ek⟩ [{{IPA\|ɛk̚}}], ⟨eng⟩ [{{IPA\|ɛŋ}}], ⟨ionn⟩ [{{IPA\|ĩ̯ɔ̃}}], and ⟨ionnh⟩ [{{IPA\|ĩ̯ɔ̃ʔ}}] of ''TL'' are used in Taiwanese [[Zhangzhou\|Chiang-chiu]] accent.}}{{efn\|name=gn_eenn\|Note that ⟨gn⟩ [{{IPA\|ȵ}}] and ⟨eenn⟩ [{{IPA\|ɛ̃}}] are not listed in the [[Taiwanese Romanization System]] by [[Ministry of Education (Taiwan)\|Ministry of Education]], but is featured in textbooks and dictionaries.}} \|- \| style="text-align:center;" \| <big>{{IPA link\|ʑ}}</big> \| style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2 \| j \| style="text-align:center;" \| j \| style="text-align:center;" \| [[File:Extended Bopomofo U+31A2.svg\|11px]] \| style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2 \| 日 ('''j'''i̍t / '''g'''i̍t) \| like '''{{IPA link\|z}}'''ip, pronounced further forward toward the teeth ([[Alveolo-palatal consonant\|palatalized]]).{{efn\|name=zj}} \|- \| style="text-align:center;" \| <big>{{IPA link\|g}}</big> \| style="text-align:center;" \| g \| style="text-align:center;" \| [[File:Extended Bopomofo U+31A3.svg\|11px]] \| '''g'''ive {{efn\|name=zj}} \|- \| style="text-align:center;" \| <big>{{IPA link\|z}}</big> \| style="text-align:center;" colspan=2 \| j \| style="text-align:center;" \| [[File:Extended Bopomofo U+31A1.svg\|11px]] \| style="text-align:center;" \| 熱 ('''j'''ua̍h) \| '''z'''oo {{efn\|name=zj}} \|- ! colspan=6\| [[Vowel]]s \|- \| style="text-align:center;" \| <big>{{IPA link\|ɛ}}</big> \| style="text-align:center;" \| e \| style="text-align:center;" \| ee / '''e'''k / '''e'''ng<!-- and eeh --> \| style="text-align:center;" \| ㄝ \| style="text-align:center;" \| 家 (k'''ee''') {{efn\|name=oldchiangchiu}} \| b'''e'''t {{efn\|name=cchiu}} \|- \| style="text-align:center;" \| <big>{{IPA link\|ɛ̃}}</big> \| style="text-align:center;" \| e<sup>n</sup> \| style="text-align:center;" \| eenn \| style="text-align:center;" \| [[File:Extended_Bopomofo_U%2B31A5_variantion.svg\|14px]] \| style="text-align:center;" \| 青 (tsh'''eenn''') {{efn\|name=oldchiangchiu}} \| French: ''v'''in'''''; nasalized [{{IPA link\|ɛ}}] {{efn\|name=cchiu}}{{efn\|name=gn_eenn}} \|- \| style="text-align:center;" \| <big>{{IPA\|ĩ̯ɔ̃}}</big> \| style="text-align:center;" \| iu<sup>n</sup> \| style="text-align:center;" \| ionn \| style="text-align:center;" \| ㄧ[[File:Extended Bopomofo U+31A7.svg\|11px]] \| style="text-align:center;" \| 羊 (iônn) {{efn\|name=tainanchiangchiu\|In Taiwanese [[Tainan\|Tâi-lâm]] [[Zhangzhou\|Chiang-chiu]] accent.}} \| like n'''eo'''n; nasalized [{{IPA\|i̯o}}] {{efn\|name=cchiu}} \|-<!-- \| style="text-align:center;" \| <big>{{IPA\|ũ̯ĩ}}</big> \| style="text-align:center;" \| -ng \| style="text-align:center;" \| -uinn / -ui \| style="text-align:center;" \| [[File:Extended Bopomofo U+31AD.svg\|11px]] \| style="text-align:center;" \| 光 (k'''uinn''') / 卵 (n'''uī''') \| roughly like t'''win'''; nasalized [{{IPA\|u̯i}}] {{efn\|name=ng}} \|---> \|} Line 542 ⟶ 671: {{cite web\|url=http://twblg.dict.edu.tw/holodict_new/default.jsp\|title=Dictionary for Common Vocabulary in Taiwanese Hokkien\|publisher=Ministry of Education (Taiwan)}} {{cite web\|url=http://www.ntcu.edu.tw/tailo/\|title=Taiwanese Hokkien Romanization and Pronunciation Learning Network\|website=National Taichung University of Education}} ==See also== *{{clc\|Pages with Taiwanese Hokkien IPA\|pages}} {{IPA keys}} ~~<!-- started writing from the taiwanese hokkien page -->~~

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