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=== Malay peninsula ===
The Portuguese found various gunpowder weapons after the [[Capture of Malacca (1511)|1511 conquest of Malacca]]. It is known that the Malays of Malacca obtained arms from Java.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Crawfurd|first=John|url=https://archive.org/details/adescriptivedic00crawgoog/page/n8/mode/2up?q=|title=A Descriptive Dictionary of the Indian Islands and Adjacent Countries|publisher=Bradbury and Evans|year=1856}}</ref>{{Rp|21–22}} Despite having a lot of artillery and firearms, the weapons were mostly and mainly purchased from the Javanese and Gujarati, where the Javanese and Gujarati were the operators of the weapons. In the early 16th century, prior to the Portuguese arrival, the Malays were a people who lacked firearms. The Malay chronicle, ''[[Sejarah Melayu]]'', mentioned that in 1509 they do not understand “why bullets killed”, indicating their unfamiliarity with using firearms in battle, if not in ceremony.<ref name=":12">Charney, Michael (2012). Iberians and Southeast Asians at War: the Violent First Encounter at Melaka in 1511 and After. In ''Waffen Wissen Wandel: Anpassung und Lernen in transkulturellen Erstkonflikten''. Hamburger Edition.</ref>{{Rp|3}} ''Lendas da India'' by [[Gaspar Correia]] and ''Asia Portuguesa'' by [[Manuel de Faria e Sousa|Manuel de Faria y Sousa]] confirmed ''Sejarah Melayu''<nowiki/>'s account. Both recorded a similar story, although not as spectacular as described in ''Sejarah Melayu''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Koek |first=E. |date=1886 |title=Portuguese History of Malacca |url=https://archive.org/details/portuguese-history-of-malacca/page/n1/mode/2up |journal=Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=17 |pages=117–149}}</ref>{{Rp|120–121}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Pintado |first=M.J. |title=Portuguese Documents on Malacca: 1509–1511 |year=1993 |publisher=National Archives of Malaysia |___location= |isbn=9789679120257 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r6suAQAAIAAJ }}</ref>{{Rp|43}}
Wan Mohd Dasuki Wan Hasbullah explained several facts about the existence of gunpowder weapons in Malacca and other Malay states before
# No evidence showed that guns, cannons, and gunpowder are made in Malay states.
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