Plains Apache language: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 03:20, 8 January 2024

Revision as of 07:49, 21 January 2024

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=== Nouns ===

Almost every noun in Plains Apache can optionally take a pronominal prefix to indicate its possessor. These prefixes are as follows (some of the prefixes have multiple forms in free variation; in these cases, the more common variant is listed first).

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! colspan="2" |

! Singular

! [[Plural]]

|-

! colspan="2" | 1st person

| ší-

| rowspan="2" lang=apk | bídàxí- ~ dá-

|-

! colspan="2" | 2nd person

| dí-

|-

|! rowspan="2" lang=apk| |3rd ʔí-person

!

| colspan="2" | bí- ~ mí-

! [[Grammatical person|First<br/>person]]

! [[Grammatical person|Second<br/>person]]

! [[Grammatical person|Third<br/>person]]

! Third person<br/>[[indefinite pronoun|indefinite]]

! [[Fourth person|Fourth<br/>person]]

|-

! [[Singularindefinite numberpronoun|Singularindefinite]]

| langcolspan=apk"2" | šíʔí-

| lang=apk | dí-

| rowspan="2" lang=apk | bí-

~ mí-

| rowspan="2" lang=apk | ʔí-

| rowspan="2" lang=apk | góó-

~ gó-

|-

! colspan="2" | [[Fourth person|Fourth<br/>4th person]]

! [[Plural]]

| colspan="2" lang=apk | dàxígóó- ~ dágó-

|}

Some of these forms require further explanation. The indefinite third person may be used when the possessor is unknown, and is similar in meaning to 'someone's' (e.g. {{lang|apk|ʔí-bą̀ą̀s}}, 'a hoop owned by some unknown person'). The fourth person is reserved for possessors who are deemed to be in some way remote from the speaker, usually socially; compare {{lang|apk|bí-bą̀ą̀s}}, which would refer to a hoop belonging to someone who the speaker is familiar with and interacts with frequently and informally, and {{lang|apk|góó-bą̀ą̀s}}, used for someone who the speaker has a purely formal relationship with and does not know well.