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By 1964, international educators such as [[Alec Peterson]] (director of the Department of Education at [[Oxford University]]), [[Harlan Hanson]] (director of the [[AP Program|College Board Advanced Placement Program]]), Desmond Cole (director of [[United Nations International School]] in New York) and Desmond Cole-Baker (head of the International School of Geneva) founded the International Schools Examination Syndicate (ISES).<ref name="Fox65-75">Fox, pp. 65–75</ref><ref name="Mathews, p. 22">Mathews, p. 22</ref> Cole and Hanson brought experience with college entrance examinations in the United States, and Hanson, in particular, brought his experience from a long relationship with the [[College Board]].<ref name="Mathews, p. 22"/> According to Peterson, "the breakthrough in the history of the IB" came in 1965 with a grant from the [[The Century Foundation|Twentieth Century Fund]], which commissioned [[Martin Mayer (writer)|Martin Mayer]], author of ''The Schools'', to produce a report on the feasibility of establishing a common curriculum and examination for [[international school]]s that would be acceptable for entry to universities worldwide.<ref name="Peterson18-26"/> This led to conferences involving Ecolint, the [[United World College of the Atlantic]] (Atlantic College), and others in the spring and fall of 1965, at which details about the curriculum for the Diploma Programme were discussed and agreed upon.<ref name="Peterson18-26"/>
The Ford Foundation grant, secured in 1966, funded Peterson's study at Oxford University, which focused on three issues: a comparative analysis of "secondary educational programmes in European countries...in cooperation with the Council of Europe"; university expectations for secondary students intending to enter university; and a "statistical comparison of IB pilot examination results with...national school leaving examinations such as [[GCE Advanced Level|British A Levels]] and [[AP Program|US College Board (AP) Tests]]".<ref name="Peterson18-26"/><ref name="Fox65-75"/> As a result of the study and the curriculum model developed at
In 1968, the IB headquarters were officially established in Geneva for the development and maintenance of the IBDP. Alec Peterson became IBO's first director general, and in 1968, twelve schools in twelve countries participated in the IBDP, including
The first six years of the IB Diploma Programme, with a limited number of students, are referred to as the "experimental period".<ref>Peterson pp. 61–98</ref> Each school was to be inspected by ISES or IBO and had to be approved by their government.<ref>Peterson, p. 31</ref> The experimental period ended in 1975, and in that year, the International Baccalaureate North America (IBNA) was established as a separate entity, allowing the funding for implementation of the IBDP to remain in the country rather than being sent to Geneva.<ref>Peterson, p. 141</ref> The first official guide to the programme containing its syllabus and official assessment information was published in 1970 and included the theory of knowledge course. The extended essay was introduced in 1978, but [[Creativity, action, service|creativity, action, service (CAS)]], although mentioned in guides beforehand, was not specifically identified in the guide until 1989.<ref name="Peterson18-26"/><ref>Hill pp. 27 et. seq.</ref>
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