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In the mid-1980s [[Objective-C]] was developed by [[Brad Cox]], who had used Smalltalk at [[ITT Inc.]]. [[Bjarne Stroustrup]], who had used Simula for his PhD thesis, created the object-oriented [[C++]].<ref name="Bertrand Meyer 2009 329"/> In 1985, [[Bertrand Meyer]] also produced the first design of the [[Eiffel (programming language)|Eiffel language]]. Focused on software quality, Eiffel is a purely object-oriented programming language and a notation supporting the entire software lifecycle. Meyer described the Eiffel software development method, based on a small number of key ideas from software engineering and computer science, in [[Object-Oriented Software Construction]]. Essential to the quality focus of Eiffel is Meyer's reliability mechanism, [[Design by Contract]], which is an integral part of both the method and language.
[[File:Tiobeindex.png|thumb|350px|The [[TIOBE index|TIOBE]] programming language popularity index graph from 2002 to 2023. In the 2000s the object-oriented [[Java (programming language)|Java]] (orange) and the [[Procedural programming|procedural]] [[C (programming language)|C]] (dark blue) competed for the top position.]]▼
In the early and mid-1990s object-oriented programming developed as the dominant programming [[paradigm]] when programming languages supporting the techniques became widely available. These included Visual [[FoxPro]] 3.0,<ref>1995 (June) Visual [[FoxPro]] 3.0, FoxPro evolves from a procedural language to an object-oriented language. Visual FoxPro 3.0 introduces a database container, seamless client/server capabilities, support for ActiveX technologies, and OLE Automation and null support. [http://www.foxprohistory.org/foxprotimeline.htm#summary_of_fox_releases Summary of Fox releases]</ref><ref>FoxPro History web site: [http://www.foxprohistory.org/tableofcontents.htm Foxprohistory.org]</ref><ref>1995 Reviewers Guide to Visual FoxPro 3.0: [http://www.dfpug.de/loseblattsammlung/migration/whitepapers/vfp_rg.htm DFpug.de]</ref> [[C++]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MHmqfSBTXsAC&pg=PA16|title=Object Oriented Programming with C++, 1E|isbn=978-81-259-2532-3|last1=Khurana|first1=Rohit|date=1 November 2009|publisher=Vikas Publishing House Pvt Limited }}</ref> and [[Delphi (programming language)|Delphi]]{{Citation needed|date=February 2010}}. Its dominance was further enhanced by the rising popularity of [[graphical user interface]]s, which rely heavily upon object-oriented programming techniques. An example of a closely related dynamic GUI library and OOP language can be found in the [[Cocoa (software)|Cocoa]] frameworks on [[Mac OS X]], written in [[Objective-C]], an object-oriented, dynamic messaging extension to C based on Smalltalk. OOP toolkits also enhanced the popularity of [[event-driven programming]] (although this concept is not limited to OOP).
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=== Popularity and reception ===
▲[[File:Tiobeindex.png|thumb|350px|The [[TIOBE index|TIOBE]] programming language popularity index graph from 2002 to 2023. In the 2000s the object-oriented [[Java (programming language)|Java]] (orange) and the [[Procedural programming|procedural]] [[C (programming language)|C]] (dark blue) competed for the top position.]]
Many widely-used languages, such as C++, Java, and Python, provide object-oriented features. Although in the past object-oriented programming was widely accepted,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brucker |first1=Achim D. |last2=Wolff |first2=Burkhart |title=ECOOP 2008 – Object-Oriented Programming |chapter=Extensible Universes for Object-Oriented Data Models |series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science |date=2008 |volume=5142 |pages=438–462 |doi=10.1007/978-3-540-70592-5_19|isbn=978-3-540-70591-8 |quote=object-oriented programming is a widely accepted programming paradigm}}</ref> more recently essays criticizing object-oriented programming and recommending the avoidance of these features (generally in favor of [[functional programming]]) have been very popular in the developer community.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cassel |first1=David |title=Why Are So Many Developers Hating on Object-Oriented Programming? |url=https://thenewstack.io/why-are-so-many-developers-hating-on-object-oriented-programming/ |work=The New Stack |date=21 August 2019}}</ref> [[Paul Graham (computer programmer)|Paul Graham]] has suggested that OOP's popularity within large companies is due to "large (and frequently changing) groups of mediocre programmers". According to Graham, the discipline imposed by OOP prevents any one programmer from "doing too much damage".<ref name="graham">{{Cite web| last=Graham| first=Paul| title=Why ARC isn't especially Object-Oriented.| url=http://www.paulgraham.com/noop.html| publisher=PaulGraham.com| access-date=13 November 2009| author-link=Paul Graham (computer programmer)}}</ref> [[Eric S. Raymond]], a [[Unix]] programmer and [[open-source software]] advocate, has been critical of claims that present object-oriented programming as the "One True Solution".<ref name="Eric S. Raymond 2003"/>
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