Content deleted Content added
Leen sarakbi (talk | contribs) |
Leen sarakbi (talk | contribs) mNo edit summary |
||
Line 103:
}}
'''Visual area V2''', or '''secondary visual cortex''', also called '''prestriate cortex''',<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gazzaniga |last2=Ivry |last3=Mangun |title=Cognitive neuroscience |year=2002}}{{fcn|date=November 2023}}</ref>
It receives strong feedforward connections from V1 (direct and via the pulvinar) and sends robust connections to V3, V4, and V5. Additionally, it plays a crucial role in the integration and processing of visual information.
The feedforward connections from V1 to V2 contribute to the hierarchical processing of visual stimuli. V2 neurons build upon the basic features detected in V1, extracting more complex visual attributes such as texture, depth, and color. This hierarchical processing is essential for the construction of a more nuanced and detailed representation of the visual scene.
Furthermore, the reciprocal feedback connections from V2 to V1 play a significant role in modulating the activity of V1 neurons. This feedback loop is thought to be involved in processes such as attention, perceptual grouping, and figure-ground segregation. The dynamic interplay between V1 and V2 highlights the intricate nature of information processing within the visual system.
Moreover, V2's connections with subsequent visual areas, including V3, V4, and V5, contribute to the formation of a distributed network for visual processing. These connections enable the integration of different visual features, such as motion and form, across multiple stages of the visual hierarchy.<ref>Taylor, Katherine. and Jeanette Rodriguez. “Visual Discrimination.” StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing, 19 September 2022</ref>.
In terms of anatomy, V2 is split into four quadrants, a [[Dorsum (biology)|dorsal]] and [[ventral]] representation in the left and the right [[cerebral hemisphere|hemispheres]]. Together, these four regions provide a complete map of the visual world. V2 has many properties in common with V1: Cells are tuned to simple properties such as orientation, spatial frequency, and color. The responses of many V2 neurons are also modulated by more complex properties, such as the orientation of [[illusory contours]],<ref name="illusory contours">{{cite journal |vauthors=von der Heydt R, Peterhans E, Baumgartner G |title=Illusory contours and cortical neuron responses |journal=Science |date=1984 |volume=224 |issue=4654 |pages=1260–62 |doi=10.1126/science.6539501 |pmid=6539501 |bibcode=1984Sci...224.1260V}}</ref><ref name="A. Anzai, X. Peng 2007"/> [[binocular disparity]],<ref name="stereoscopic edges">{{cite journal |vauthors=von der Heydt R, Zhou H, Friedman HS |title=Representation of stereoscopic edges in monkey visual cortex |journal=Vision Research |date=2000 |volume=40 |issue=15 |pages=1955–67 |doi=10.1016/s0042-6989(00)00044-4 |pmid=10828464 |s2cid=10269181 |doi-access=free}}</ref> and whether the stimulus is part of the figure or the ground.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Qiu FT, von der Heydt R |title=Figure and ground in the visual cortex: V2 combines stereoscopic cues with Gestalt rules |journal=Neuron |date=2005 |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=155–66 |pmid=15996555 |pmc=1564069 |doi=10.1016/j.neuron.2005.05.028}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Maruko I, etal |title=Postnatal Development of Disparity Sensitivity in Visual Area 2 (V2) of Macaque Monkeys |journal=Journal of Neurophysiology |date=2008 |volume=100 |issue=5 |pages=2486–2495 |doi=10.1152/jn.90397.2008 |pmid=18753321 |pmc=2585398}}</ref> Recent research has shown that V2 cells show a small amount of attentional modulation (more than V1, less than V4), are tuned for moderately complex patterns, and may be driven by multiple orientations at different subregions within a single receptive field.
| |||