NIST Enterprise Architecture Model: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 12:26, 30 January 2024

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== History ==

The NIST Enterprise Architecture Model is initiated in 1988 in the fifth workshop on Information Management Directions sponsored by the NIST in cooperation with the [[Association for Computing Machinery]] (ACM), the [[IEEE Computer Society]], and the Federal Data Management Users Group (FEDMUG). The results of this research project were published as the NIST Special Publication 500-167, ''Information Management Directions: The Integration Challenge''.<ref name="FG89">Elizabeth N. {{harvnb|Fong and Alan H. |Goldfine (|1989) ''[http://www.itl.nist.gov/lab/specpubs/NIST%20SP%20500-167.pdf Information Management Directions: The Integration Challenge]''. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Special Publication 500-167, September 1989.}}</ref>

=== The emerging field of information management ===

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At the center, the conceptual schema defines the [[Ontology (information science)|ontology]] of the [[concept]]s as the [[user (computing)|user]]s think of them and talk about them. The physical schema according to Sowa (2004) "describes the internal formats of the [[data]] stored in the [[database]], and the external schema defines the view of the data presented to the [[application program]]s".<ref name ="JFS04">[[John F. Sowa]] (2004). "The Challenge of Knowledge Soup," in: ''Research Trends in Science, Technology and Mathematics Education''. Edited by J. Ramadas & S. Chunawala, Homi Bhabha Centre, Mumbai, 2006.</ref>

Since the 1970s the NIST had held a series of four workshops on Database and Information Management Directions. Each of the workshops addresses a specific theme:<ref>{{harvnb|Fong and |Goldfine (|1989, |p. =5)}}</ref>

* "What information about [[database]] technology does the manager need to make prudent decisions about using new technology", in 1975.

* "What information can help a manager assess the impact on a database system?" in 1977.

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* "The nature of information [[resource management]] practice and problems" in 1985.

The fifth workshop in 1989 was held by the National Computer Systems Laboratory (NCSL) of the NIST. By then this was one of the four institutes, that performed the technical work of the NIST. The specific goal of the NCSL was to conduct research and provide scientific and technical services to aid Federal agencies in the selection, acquisition, application, and use of computer technology.<ref>{{harvnb|Fong and |Goldfine (|1989, |p. =i)}}</ref>

=== NIST workshop on Information Management Directions ===

The fifth Information Management Directions workshop in 1989 focused on integration and productivity in [[information management]]. Five working groups considered specific aspects of the integration of knowledge, [[data management]], systems planning, development and maintenance, computing environments, architectures and standards. Participants came from academia, industry, government and consulting firms. Among the 72 participants were [[Tom DeMarco]], [[Ahmed K. Elmagarmid]], Elizabeth N. Fong, [[Andrew U. Frank]],<ref>[http://www.geoinfo.tuwien.ac.at/staff/index.php?Current_Staff:Frank%2C_Andrew_U. Frank, Andrew U.] Research Group Geoinformation, Vienna. Accessed July 15, 2013.</ref> Robert E. Fulton,<ref>David Terraso (2004) "[http://www.whistle.gatech.edu/archives/04/mar/01/fultonobit.shtml Robert Fulton, 72, dies: Engineering professor and county commissioner]". at whistle.gatech.edu</ref> Alan H. Goldfine,<ref>{{DBLP|37/1329|Alan H. Goldfine}}</ref> [[Dale L. Goodhue]],<ref>{{DBLP|05/5629|Dale L. Goodhue}}</ref> [[Richard J. Mayer]], [[Shamkant Navathe]], [[T. William Olle]], [[W. Bradford Rigdon]], Judith A. Quillard, Stanley Y. W. Su,<ref>{{DBLP|s/StanleyYWSu|Stanley Y. W. Su}}</ref> and [[John Zachman]].

Tom DeMarco delivered the keynote speech, claiming that standards do more harm than good when they work against the prevailing culture, and that the essence of standardization is discovery, not innovation.<ref>{{harvnb|Fong and |Goldfine (|1989, |p. =ix)}}</ref> The five working groups met to discuss different aspects of integration:

* the integration of knowledge and data management

* the integration of technical and business data management

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In the third working group on systems planning was chaired by [[John Zachman]], and adopted the [[Zachman Framework]] as a basis for discussion.

[[File:NIST AE model 1989.jpg|thumb|Model of Enterprise Architecture, 1989]]

The fifth working group on architectures and standards was chaired [[W. Bradford Rigdon]] of the McDonnell Douglas Information Systems Company (MDISC), a division of [[McDonnell Douglas]]. Rigdon et al. (1989) <ref name="WBR 1989" >[[W. Bradford {{harvnb|Rigdon]] (|1989) "Architectures and Standards". In: ''Information Management Directions: The Integration Challenge''. E.N. Fong and A.H. Goldfine (eds.). NIST Sept 1989. p. 135-150}}</ref> explained that discussions about architecture in that time mostly focus on technology concerns. Their aim was to "takes a broader view, and describes the need for an ''enterprise architecture'' that includes an emphasis on business and information requirements. These higher level issues impact data and technology architectures and decisions."<ref name="Rigdon">{{harvnb|Rigdon (|1989), |p. =136}}</ref> In order to do so, the working group addressed three issues:<ref>{{harvnb|Fong and |Goldfine (|1989, |p. =136)}}</ref>

* The levels of architecture in an enterprise

* Problems addressed by architecture

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=== Foundations ===

According to Rigdon et al. (1989) an architecture is "a clear representation of a conceptual framework of components and their relationship at a point in time".<ref>{{harvnb|Rigdon et al. (|1989, |p. =136)}}</ref> It may for example represent "a view of a current situation with islands of automation, redundant processes and data inconsistencies"<ref name= "Rig 1989, 137">{{harvnb|Rigdon (|1989), |p. =137}}</ref> or a "future integrated automation information structure towards which the enterprise will move in a prescribed number on years."<ref>{{harvnb|Rigdon et al. (|1989, p. 137-38)|pp=137–138}}</ref> The role of standards in architecture is to "enable or constrain the architecture and serve as its foundation".<ref name="Rig 1989, 137"/>

In order to develop an enterprise architecture Rigdon acknowledge:<ref name="Rigdon" />

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=== Levels of architecture ===

Each layer of architecture in the model has a specific intention:<ref>{{harvnb|Rigdon et al. (|1989, p. 139-140)|pp=139–140}}</ref>

* Business Architecture level: This level can picture the total or a subunit of any corporation, which are in contact with external organizations.

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{{NIST-PD}}

{{reflist|2}}

===Sources===

*{{Cite book |url=https://entsosaf.eaasos.info/Content/Downloads/NIST_167.pdf |title=Information Management Directions: The Integration Challenge |date=September 1989 |publisher=National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) |editor-last=Fong |editor-first=Elizabeth N. |series=NIST Special Publication |volume=500-167 |editor-last2=Goldfine |editor-first2=Alan H.}}

**{{Cite book |last=Rigdon |first=W. Bradford |url=https://entsosaf.eaasos.info/Content/Downloads/NIST_167.pdf |title=Information Management Directions: The Integration Challenge |date=Sep 1989 |publisher=NIST |editor-last=Fong |editor-first=Elizabeth N. |pages=135-150 |chapter=Architectures and Standards |author-link=W. Bradford Rigdon |editor-last2=Goldfine |editor-first2=Alan H.}}

== External links ==

{{Commons category|NIST Enterprise Architecture Model}}