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===Principles for open science infrastructures===
In 2015 ''Principles for Open Scholarly Infrastructure'' have laid out an influential prescriptive definition of open science infrastructures. Subsequent definitions and terminologies of open science infratructures have been largely elaborated on this basis.<ref>{{harvnb|Ross-Hellauer et al.|2020|p=13}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Ficarra et al.|2020|p=7}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|SPARC|2020}}</ref> The text has also influenced the definition of open science infrastructure retained by the UNESCO in November 2021.<ref>[https://en.unesco.org/sites/default/files/comments_osr_partner_open_science_mooc_document.pdf Open Science MOOC Response to UNESCO Draft Open Science Recommendations], December 30, 2020</ref>
The ''Principles'' attempt to hybridize the framework of infrastructure studies with the analysis of the [[commons]] initiated by [[Elinor Ostrom]]. The principles develop a series of recommendations in three critical areas to the success of open infrastructures:
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