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So the modified game becomes one that involves three participants in isolated rooms: a computer (which is being tested), a human, and a (human) judge. The human judge can converse with both the human and the computer by typing into a terminal. Both the computer and human try to convince the judge that they are the human. If the judge cannot consistently tell which is which, then the computer wins the game.<ref>This describes the simplest version of the test. For a more detailed discussion, see [[Turing test#Versions|Versions of the Turing test]].</ref>
Researchers in the United Kingdom had been exploring "machine intelligence" for up to ten years prior to the founding of the field of artificial intelligence ([[Artificial intelligence|AI]]) research in 1956.<ref>The [[Dartmouth conference|Dartmouth conferences]] of 1956 are widely considered the "birth of AI". {{Harv|Crevier|1993|p=49}}</ref> It was a common topic among the members of the [[Ratio Club]], an informal group of British [[cybernetics]] and [[electronics]] researchers that included Alan Turing. Turing, in particular, had been running the notion of machine intelligence since at least 1941 and one of the earliest-known mentions of "computer intelligence" was made by him in 1947.<ref>[[#{{harvid|Turing|1948}}|"Intelligent Machinery" (1948)]] was not published by Turing, and did not see publication until
* {{Citation |last1=Evans |first1=A. D. J. |title=Cybernetics: Key Papers |year=1968 |publisher=University Park Press |last2=Robertson}}</ref>
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