Distributed generation: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 02:42, 13 December 2023

Revision as of 05:32, 4 February 2024

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=== Cogeneration ===

Distributed [[cogeneration]] sources use steam turbines, natural gas-fired [[fuel cell]]s, [[microturbine]]s or [[reciprocating engine]]s<ref>[http://www.clarke-energy.com/chp-cogeneration/ Gas engine cogeneration], http://www.clarke-energy.com, retrieved 9.12.2013</ref> to turn generators. The hot exhaust is then used for space or [[water heating]], or to drive an [[absorptive chiller]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.buderus.de/Ueber_uns/Presse/Fachpresse/Anlagen_zur_Kraft_Waerme_Kopplung/Heiss_auf_kalt-2119341.html|title=Heiß auf kalt|access-date=15 May 2015|archive-date=18 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518102403/http://www.buderus.de/Ueber_uns/Presse/Fachpresse/Anlagen_zur_Kraft_Waerme_Kopplung/Heiss_auf_kalt-2119341.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[http://www.clarke-energy.com/gas-engines/trigeneration/ Trigeneration with gas engines], http://www.clarke-energy.com, retrieved 9.12.2013</ref> for cooling such as [[air-conditioning]]. In addition to natural gas-based schemes, distributed energy projects can also include other renewable or low carbon fuels including biofuels, [[biogas]], [[landfill gas]], [[sewage gas]], [[coal bed methane]], [[syngas]] and [[associated petroleum gas]].<ref>[http://www.clarke-energy.com/gas-engines/ Gas engine applications], [http://www.clarke-energy.com], retrieved 9 December 2013</ref>

Delta-ee consultants stated in 2013 that with 64% of global sales, the fuel cell [[micro combined heat and power]] passed the conventional systems in sales in 2012.<ref>{{cite report|url = http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/media/1889744/fct_review_2013.pdf |title= The fuel cell industry review 2013|publisher = FuelCellToday.com|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20131007223834/http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/media/1889744/fct_review_2013.pdf|archivedate = 7 October 2013}}</ref> 20.000 units were sold in [[Japan]] in 2012 overall within the Ene Farm project. With a [[Service life|Lifetime]] of around 60,000 hours for [[proton-exchange membrane fuel cell|PEM fuel cell]] units, which shut down at night, this equates to an estimated lifetime of between ten and fifteen years.<ref name="fuelcelltoday.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/analysis/analyst-views/2013/13-02-27-latest-developments-in-the-ene-farm-scheme|title=Latest Developments in the Ene-Farm Scheme|access-date=15 May 2015}}</ref> For a price of $22,600 before installation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://panasonic.co.jp/corp/news/official.data/data.dir/2013/01/en130117-5/en130117-5.html |title=Launch of New 'Ene-Farm' Home Fuel Cell Product More Affordable and Easier to Install - Headquarters News - Panasonic Newsroom Global|access-date=15 May 2015}}</ref> For 2013 a state subsidy for 50,000 units is in place.<ref name="fuelcelltoday.com"/>

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: An advanced [[flywheel energy storage]] (FES) stores the electricity generated from distributed resources in the form of angular [[kinetic energy]] by accelerating a rotor ([[flywheel]]) to a very high speed of about 20,000 to over 50,000 rpm in a vacuum enclosure. Flywheels can respond quickly as they store and feed back electricity into the grid in a matter of seconds.<ref name="ScienceNews">{{Cite journal

| last1 = Castelvecchi
| first1 = Davide

| title = Spinning into control: High-tech reincarnations of an ancient way of storing energy

| doi = 10.1002/scin.2007.5591712010

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| date = 19 May 2007

| url = http://sciencewriter.org/flywheels-spinning-into-control/

| access-date = 12 September 2014

| archive-date = 6 June 2014

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140606223717/http://sciencewriter.org/flywheels-spinning-into-control/

| url-status = dead

}}</ref><ref>{{cite web

|last1=Willis

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Many authors now think that these technologies may enable a mass-scale [[grid defection]] because consumers can produce electricity using [[off grid]] systems primarily made up of [[solar photovoltaic]] technology.<ref>Kumagai, J., 2014. The rise of the personal power plant. IEEE Spectrum,51(6), pp.54-59.</ref><ref>Abhilash Kantamneni, Richelle Winkler, Lucia Gauchia, Joshua M. Pearce, [https://www.academia.edu/25363058/Emerging_Economic_Viability_of_Grid_Defection_in_a_Northern_Climate_Using_Solar_Hybrid_Systems free open access Emerging economic viability of grid defection in a northern climate using solar hybrid systems]. ''Energy Policy'' '''95''', 378–389 (2016). doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2016.05.013</ref><ref>Khalilpour, R. and Vassallo, A., 2015. Leaving the grid: An ambition or a real choice?. Energy Policy, 82, pp.207-221.</ref> For example, the Rocky Mountain Institute has proposed that there may wide scale [[grid defection]].<ref>The Economics of Grid Defection - Rocky Mountain Institute

http://www.rmi.org/electricity_grid_defection {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812215342/http://www.rmi.org/electricity_grid_defection |date=12 August 2016 }}</ref> This is backed up by studies in the Midwest.<ref>Andy Balaskovitz [http://midwestenergynews.com/2016/06/14/net-metering-changes-could-drive-people-off-grid-michigan-researchers-say/ Net metering changes could drive people off grid, Michigan researchers say] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160615112536/http://midwestenergynews.com/2016/06/14/net-metering-changes-could-drive-people-off-grid-michigan-researchers-say/ |date=15 June 2016 }} - MidWest Energy News</ref>

== Cost factors ==

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Micro-grids have seen implementation in a number of communities over the world. For example, Tesla has implemented a solar micro-grid in the Samoan island of Ta'u, powering the entire island with solar energy.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/11/22/13712750/tesla-microgrid-tau-samoa|title=Tesla powers a whole island with solar to show off its energy chops|work=The Verge|access-date=2018-03-09}}</ref> This localized production system has helped save over {{convert|100,000|usgal|m3|order=flip}} of diesel fuel. It is also able to sustain the island for three whole days if the sun were not to shine at all during that period.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/02/tau-american-samoa-solar-power-microgrid-tesla-solarcity/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225040142/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/02/tau-american-samoa-solar-power-microgrid-tesla-solarcity/|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 February 2017|title=How a Pacific Island Changed From Diesel to 100% Solar Power|date=2017-02-23|access-date=2018-03-09}}</ref> This is a great example of how micro-grid systems can be implemented in communities to encourage renewable resource usage and localized production.

To plan and install Microgrids correctly, engineering modelling is needed. Multiple simulation tools and optimization tools exist to model the economic and electric effects of Microgrids. A widely used economic optimization tool is the Distributed Energy Resources Customer Adoption Model (DER-CAM) from [[Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory]]. Another frequently used commercial economic modelling tool is [https://www.homerenergy.com/ Homer Energy], originally designed by the [[National Renewable Energy Laboratory|National Renewable Laboratory]]. There are also some power flow and electrical design tools guiding the Microgrid developers. The [[Pacific Northwest National Laboratory]] designed the public available GridLAB-D tool and the [[Electric Power Research Institute|Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)]] designed OpenDSS to simulate the distribution system (for Microgrids). A professional integrated DER-CAM and OpenDSS version is available via [https://www.bankableenergy.com/ BankableEnergy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711022032/https://www.bankableenergy.com/ |date=11 July 2018 }}. A European tool that can be used for electrical, cooling, heating, and process heat demand simulation is EnergyPLAN from the [[Aalborg University|Aalborg University, Denmark]].

== Communication in DER systems ==

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* [http://www.cet.or.at Center for Energy and innovative Technologies]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130610130954/http://ezine.pk/?Decentralized-Power-System-DPS-in-Pakistan&id=381 Decentralized Power System (DPS) in Pakistan]

* [http://www.dg.history.vt.edu/index.html Distributed Generation—Educational Module, Virginia Tech] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715224658/http://www.dg.history.vt.edu/index.html |date=15 July 2015 }}

* [https://arena.gov.au/blog/distributed-energy-resources/ What are distributed energy resources (DER) and how do they work?], [[Australian Renewable Energy Agency]] ([[Australian Renewable Energy Agency|ARENA]]).

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