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=== Author ===
As well as being an author of [[high fantasy]], [[J. R. R. Tolkien]] was a professional [[Philology|philologist]], a scholar of comparative and historical [[linguistics]]. He was an expert in [[Old English]] and related languages. He remarked to the poet and ''[[The New York Times]]'' book reviewer [[Harvey Breit]] that "I am a philologist and all my work is philological";<ref>{{cite news |title=Oxford Calling |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/01/02/11/specials/tolkien-oxford.html?_r=2&oref=slogin |access-date=2 June 2022 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=5 June 1955}}</ref> he explained to his American publisher [[Houghton Mifflin]] that this was meant to imply that his work was "all of a piece, and ''fundamentally linguistic'' [sic] in inspiration. ... The [[Languages constructed by J. R. R. Tolkien|invention of languages]] is the foundation. The 'stories' were made rather to provide a world for the languages than the reverse. To me a name comes first and the story follows."<ref>{{
=== Artistic and literary movements ===
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{{further|Elvish languages|Black Speech}}
The [[Linguistics|linguist]] Joanna Podhorodecka examines the ''lámatyáve'', a [[Quenya]] term for "phonetic fitness", of Tolkien's constructed languages. She analyses them in terms of Ivan Fonágy's theory of symbolic vocal gestures that convey emotions. She notes that Tolkien's inspiration was "primarily linguistic"; and that he had invented the stories "to provide a world for the languages", which in turn were "agreeable to [his] personal aesthetic".{{sfn|Podhorodecka|2007|pp=103–110}} She compares two samples of Elvish (one Sindarin, one Quenya) and one of Black Speech, tabulating the proportions of [[vowel]]s and [[consonant]]s. The Black Speech is 63% consonants, compared to the Elvish samples' 52% and 55%. Among other features, the sound /I:/ (like the "i" in "machine") is much rarer in Black Speech than in Elvish, while the sound /u/ (like the "u" in "brute") is much more common. She comments that in aggressive speech, consonants become longer and vowels shorter, so Black Speech sounds harsher. Further, Black Speech contains far more [[voiced plosives]] (/b, d, g/) than Elvish, making the sound of the language more violent. Podhorodecka concludes that Tolkien's constructed languages were certainly individual to him, but that their "linguistic patterns resulted from his keen sense of phonetic metaphor", so that the languages subtly contribute to the "[[Aesthetics|aesthetic]] and [[Axiology|axiological]] aspects of his mythology".{{sfn|Podhorodecka|2007|pp=103–110}} She notes, too, that Tolkien commented that in his 'Elven-latin' language Quenya, he chose to include "two other (main) ingredients that happen to give me 'phonaesthetic' pleasure: [[Finnish language|Finnish]] and [[Greek language|Greek]]"; and that he gave Sindarin "a linguistic character very like (though not identical with) British-Welsh: because that character is one I find, in some linguistic moods, very attractive; and because it seems to fit the rather 'Celtic' type of legends and stories told of its speakers".{{sfn|Podhorodecka|2007|pp=103–110}}<ref name="Letter 144" group=T>{{
== References ==
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