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{{short description|Common human medical data ranges for blood test results}}
{{Reference ranges}}
'''[[Reference range]]s (reference intervals) for [[blood test]]s''' are sets of values used by a [[health professional]] to interpret a set of [[medical test]] results from blood samples. Reference ranges for blood tests are studied within the field of [[clinical chemistry]] (also known as "clinical biochemistry", "chemical pathology" or "pure blood chemistry"), the area of [[pathology]] that is generally concerned with analysis of [[bodily fluids]].{{cn|date=February 2024}}
Blood test results should always be interpreted using the reference range provided by the laboratory that performed the test.<ref>{{cite web|title=Reference Ranges and What They Mean|url=http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/features/ref-ranges/start/6|publisher=Lab Tests Online (USA)|access-date=22 June 2013|archive-date=28 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828020717/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/features/ref-ranges/start/6|url-status=dead}}</ref>
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===Units===
* [[Mass concentration (chemistry)|Mass concentration]] (g/dL or g/L) is the most common measurement unit in the United States. Is usually given with dL (decilitres) as the denominator in the United States, and usually with L (litres) in, for example, Sweden.{{cn|date=February 2024}}
* [[Molar concentration]] (mol/L) is used to a higher degree in most of the rest of the world, including the United Kingdom and other parts of Europe and Australia and New Zealand.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=BfdighlyGiwC "Units of measurement"] in ''Medical toxicology'', Richard C. Dart
Edition: 3, illustrated, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2004, p. 34 {{ISBN|978-0-7817-2845-4}} 1914 pages</ref>
* [[International unit]]s (IU) are based on measured [[biological activity]] or effect, or for some substances, a specified equivalent mass.{{cn|date=February 2024}}
* [[Enzyme activity]] ([[katal|kat]]) is commonly used for e.g. [[liver function test]]s like [[Aspartate transaminase|AST]], [[Alanine transaminase|ALT]], [[lactate dehydrogenase|LD]] and [[Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase|γ-GT]] in Sweden.<ref name=uppsala/>
* [[Percentage]]s and time-dependent units (mol/s) are used for calculated derived parameters, e.g. for [[beta cell]] function in [[Homeostatic model assessment|homeostasis model assessment]] or [[thyroid's secretory capacity]].{{cn|date=February 2024}}
===Arterial or venous===
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{{Blood Values}}
Hormones predominate at the left part of the scale, shown with a red at ng/L or pmol/L, being in very low concentration. There appears to be the greatest cluster of substances in the yellow part (μg/L or nmol/L), becoming sparser in the green part (mg/L or μmol/L). However, there is another cluster containing many metabolic substances like cholesterol and glucose at the limit with the blue part (g/L or mmol/L).{{cn|date=February 2024}}
The unit conversions of substance concentrations from the molar to the mass concentration scale above are made as follows:
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{{Further|Acid–base homeostasis}}
{{Further|Arterial blood gas test|Arterial blood gas test#Parameters and reference ranges}}
If [[artery|arterial]]/[[vein|venous]] is not specified for an acid–base or blood gas value, then it generally refers to arterial, and not venous which otherwise is standard for other blood tests.{{cn|date=February 2024}}
Acid–base and blood gases are among the few blood constituents that exhibit substantial difference between arterial and venous values.<ref name=Dufour/> Still, pH, bicarbonate and base excess show a high level of [[inter-rater reliability|inter-method reliability]] between arterial and venous tests, so arterial and venous values are roughly equivalent for these.<ref name=middleton>{{cite journal |vauthors=Middleton P, Kelly AM, Brown J, Robertson M |title=Agreements between arterial and central venous values for pH, bicarbonate, base excess, and lactate |journal=Emerg Med J |volume=23 |issue=8 |pages=622–24 |date=August 2006 |pmid=16858095 |pmc=2564165 |doi=10.1136/emj.2006.035915 }}</ref>
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