Content deleted Content added
m Open access bot: doi updated in citation with #oabot. |
m replaced: it's → its (2), typo(s) fixed: m² → m<sup>2</sup> (3), the worlds → the world's (2), 110-5 → 110–5 |
||
Line 1:
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
Many [[tidal stream generator]]s have been developed over the years to harness the power of tidal currents flowing around coastlines. These are also called tidal stream turbines (TST), tidal energy converters (TEC), or marine hydro-kinetic (MHK) generation. These turbines operate on a similar principle to [[wind turbine]]s, but are designed to work in a fluid approximately 800 times more dense than air which is moving at a slower velocity. Note that [[tidal barrage]]s or lagoons operate on a different principle, generating power by impounding the rising and falling tide.
Lots of different technology variants have been tested, and there has not been convergence on a predominant typology. Most have been horizontal-axis, like wind turbines, but with 2, 3, or more blades and either mounted on a seabed fixed foundation or on a floating platform. In addition, vertical-axis turbines and tidal kites are also being developed.
Historically, development has largely been focused around Europe, but devices have been built and tested in North America – including at the Fundy Ocean Research Centre for Energy (FORCE), Japan, and elsewhere. The [[European Marine Energy Centre]] (EMEC) was set up in [[Orkney]] in 2003, and developed a tidal test site in the Fall of Warness, to the west of the island of [[Eday]]. The site opened in 2006, and EMEC was granted a license in 2016 to test up to 10 MW of tidal stream devices, and has since hosted the testing of many of these devices.<ref name=":21">{{Cite report |url=https://marine.gov.scot/sites/default/files/environmental_statement_1.pdf |title=EMEC Fall of Warness Tidal Test Site Section 36 Application Environmental Statement |last=The European Marine Energy Centre |date=December 2014}}</ref>
There have been various acquisitions of technology developers over the years. Many of the companies are no longer trading, or have ceased development of tidal-stream turbines. However, the first pre-commercial array demonstration projects have been operating since around 2016. Building on this, commercial arrays are expected to be operational by around 2027, at EMEC, [[Morlais]] and elsewhere.
== Development timeline ==
Key historical milestones in the development of tidal-stream turbines are summarised below:
* The 300
* In 2004, the world's first tidal-stream turbine was connected to an electricity grid, the 300
* The first tidal stream turbine test site was constructed in 2005 and opened in 2006, in the Fall of Wanress to the west of Eday, Orkney, part of the European Marine Energy Centre.<ref name=":21" />
* The significantly more powerful, 1.2 MW MCT [[SeaGen]] turbine was installed in [[Strangford Lough]], Northern Ireland, in May 2008 and grid connected in July.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 July 2020 |title=SeaGen Turbine, Northern Ireland, UK |url=https://www.power-technology.com/projects/strangford-lough/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Power Technology |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Also in May 2008, OpenHydro was the first tidal turbine connected to the [[National Grid (Great Britain)|National Grid]] in Great Britain (GB). The 250 kW device was tested in the Fall of Warness, [[Eday]], Orkney.<ref name=":19">{{Cite web |title=OpenHydro turbine connected to UK grid |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/business/openhydro-turbine-connected-to-uk-grid-1.1215519 |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=The Irish Times |language=en}}</ref>
* Verdant Power installed six 35 kW turbines in New York's [[East River]], supplying power to two local businesses, claimed as the
* In August 2016, Nova Innovation installed a second 100 kW turbine in the [[Bluemull Sound]], Shetland, connected to the GB Grid, also claimed as the
* A dedicated site for testing tidal stream turbines was pre-consented at the [[European Marine Energy Centre]] in 2016, to simplify the process for developers testing devices.<ref>{{Cite web |last=EMEC |title=Consents |url=https://www.emec.org.uk/services/provision-of-wave-and-tidal-testing/consents/ |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=European Marine Energy Centre |language=en}}</ref>
* Phase 1 of the [[MeyGen]] project was commissioned in 2017, with four turbines totaling 6 MW installed, making it the largest tidal array to date.<ref name=":10" />
== Key companies and turbines ==
Many companies have focused on the development of technology to harness tidal stream energy. A non-exhaustive list of key companies is given below. <!-- Add details of companies below. Can move to a dedicated page if sufficiently detailed, and summarise with {see also|} here. -->
=== Andritz Hydro Hammerfest ===
'''Hammerfest Strøm AS''' was a Norwegian developer of tidal stream turbines, based in [[Hammerfest]]. In 2010, Austrian hydropower company [[Andritz AG]] bought one third of the shares.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2010-08-12 |title=Andritz acquires stake in tidal hydro firm Hammerfest Strom |url=https://www.hydroreview.com/world-regions/europe/andritz-acquires-stake/ |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=Hydro Review |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2012, Andritz became the majority stakeholder and rebranded the company '''Andritz Hydro Hammerfest'''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Visser |first=Anne |date=2012-04-23 |title=Norway: Hammerfest Strøm Changes Its Name to ANDRITZ HYDRO Hammerfest |url=https://www.offshorewind.biz/2012/04/23/norway-hammerfest-strom-changes-its-name-to-andritz-hydro-hammerfest/ |access-date=2023-12-20 |website=Offshore Wind |language=en-US}}</ref>
In November 2003, Hammerfest Strøm installed their '''HS300''' turbine in [[Kvalsundet]], Norway.<ref name=":1">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Kvalsundet tidevannskraftverk |encyclopedia=[[Store norske leksikon]] |publisher=Norsk nettleksikon |___location=Oslo |url=http://snl.no/Kvalsundet_tidevannskraftverk |last=Askheim |first=Svein |editor-last=Godal |editor-first=Anne Marit |editor-link=Anne Marit Godal |language=Norwegian |
A more powerful 1MW device was then tested at EMEC from 2012. The '''HS1000''' was also a 20 m diameter three-bladed horizontal-axis turbine, installed at the Fall of Warness test site in December 2011.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=2011-12-26 |title=Giant tidal device set for tests off Orkney |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-16327617 |access-date=2023-12-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.ren21.net/Portals/0/documents/Resources/GSR2012_low%20res_FINAL.pdf |title=Renewables 2012 Global Status Report |last=((REN21)) |date=June 2012 |page=46 |access-date=2023-12-20}}</ref>
Line 43:
=== HydroQuest ===
'''HydroQuest''' is a French developer of vertical-axis river current and tidal stream turbines, based in [[Grenoble]].<ref name=":30">{{Cite web |title=About us |url=https://www.hydroquest.fr/en/about-us/ |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=HydroQuest |language=en-GB}}</ref>
In 2013, HydroQuest installed a turbine in the [[Oyapock]] river in [[French Guiana]], powering the 200 inhabitants of the [[Camopi]] village.<ref name=":30" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mallard |first=Kathleen |last2=Garbuio |first2=Lauric |last3=Debusschere |first3=Vincent |date=2020-01-01 |title=Towards sustainable business model and sustainable design of a hydro generator system dedicated to isolated communities |url=https://hal.science/hal-03051966/file/S2212827120300986.pdf |journal=Procedia CIRP |series=27th CIRP Life Cycle Engineering Conference (LCE2020) |volume=90 |pages=251–255 |doi=10.1016/j.procir.2020.02.004 |issn=2212-8271}}</ref> The also company tested a 40 kW '''HydroQuest 1.40''' in the [[Loire]] river in [[Orléans]] in late 2014, connecting it to the French electricity grid in September 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yaneva |first=Mariyana |date=2015-10-12 |title=HydroQuest connects river current turbine to French grid |url=https://renewablesnow.com/news/hydroquest-connects-river-current-turbine-to-french-grid-496908/ |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=Renewables Now}}</ref>
Line 55:
=== Magallanes Renovables ===
'''Magallanes Renovables, S.L'''. is a Spanish developer of floating tidal energy devices, set up in 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Magallanes Renovables: Unlocking energy from tidal power |url=https://www.magallanesrenovables.com/ |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=Magallanes Renovables |language=en-US}}</ref> The company's head office is in [[Redondela]], with a UK subsidiary Magallanes Tidal Energy Ltd. based in [[Kirkwall]].
Their second-generation 1.5 MW{{NoteTag|Some sources quote the rated power as 2 MW|name=MagallanesPower}} '''ATIR''' device has two three-bladed counter-rotating 19 m diameter rotors at either end of a common driveshaft, mounted below the 45 m long hull.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Díaz‐Dorado |first=Eloy |last2=Carrillo |first2=Camilo |last3=Cidras |first3=Jose |last4=Román |first4=David |last5=Grande |first5=Javier |date=2021-01-21 |title=Performance evaluation and modelling of the Atir marine current turbine |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1049/rpg2.12071 |journal=IET Renewable Power Generation |language=en |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=821–838 |doi=10.1049/rpg2.12071 |issn=1752-1416|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Magallanes Renovables ATIR at EMEC {{!}} Tethys |url=https://tethys.pnnl.gov/project-sites/magallanes-renovables-atir-emec |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=tethys.pnnl.gov}}</ref> It was constructed in Spain in the [[Ria de Vigo]] and launched in 2017 followed by a period of tow testing. The device was then towed to Orkney where it was deployed at the Fall of Warness and grid-connected in 2019. In 2020, it was towed to Edinburgh for maintenance, before returning to site in April 2021.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=23 April 2021 |title=Magallanes tidal unit reinstalled at EMEC |url=https://renews.biz/68108/magallanes-tidal-unit-reinstalled-at-emec/ |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=ReNEWS.biz}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Marthinsen |first=Stig |title=Magallanes reinstall ATIR tidal turbine at EMEC, Interreg VB North Sea Region Programme |url=https://northsearegion.eu/periscope/news/magallanes-reinstall-atir-tidal-turbine-at-emec/ |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=northsearegion.eu |language=}}</ref> The company previously tested a smaller scale version of the ATIR device at the [[European Marine Energy Centre|EMEC]] nursery test site in Shapinsay Sound, although this was not grid-connected.<ref name=":8" />
Line 67:
=== Minesto ===
{{Main
'''Minesto AB''' is a Swedish developer of [[Tidal stream generator#Tidal kite turbines|tidal kite turbines]], based in [[Gothenburg]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Contact |url=https://minesto.com/contact/ |access-date=2024-01-01 |website=Minesto |language=en}}</ref> The company tested a 500 kW Deep Green DG500 turbine in the Holyhead Deep off the coast of [[Anglesey]], North Wales in 2018 and 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 August 2019 |title=Minesto flies Wales tidal kite |url=https://renews.biz/54809/minesto-flies-wales-tidal-kite/ |access-date=2024-01-01 |website=ReNEWS.biz}}</ref> In 2022, they installed two 100 kW Dragon 4 turbines at [[Vestmanna]]sund in the [[Faroe Islands]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Garanovic |first=Amir |date=2022-09-07 |title=Minesto starts commissioning second ‘Dragon 4’ tidal power plant |url=https://www.offshore-energy.biz/minesto-starts-commissioning-second-dragon-4-tidal-power-plant/ |access-date=2024-01-01 |website=Offshore Energy |language=en-US}}</ref> and are planning to install a 1.2 MW Dragon 12 turbine there in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Garanovic |first=Amir |date=2023-11-09 |title=Minesto’s 1.2MW tidal energy device on its way to Faroe Islands |url=https://www.offshore-energy.biz/minestos-1-2mw-tidal-device-on-its-way-to-faroe-islands/ |access-date=2024-01-01 |website=Offshore Energy |language=en-US}}</ref>
=== Nova Innovation ===
Line 76:
=== Ocean Renewable Power Company ===
{{Main|Ocean Renewable Power Company}}
'''Ocean Renewable Power Company''' ('''ORPC, Inc.)''' is a developer of cross-flow turbines to harness river, tidal and ocean currents, based in [[Portland, Maine]].
=== OpenHydro ===
{{See also|OpenHydro|Paimpol–Bréhat tidal farm}}
'''OpenHydro Group Ltd''' was an Irish developer of tidal stream turbines, acquired by [[Naval Group|Naval Energies]] (then DCNS) in 2013, but ceased trading in 2018. OpenHydro developed a novel open-centred horizontal-axis turbine, surrounded by a ducting shroud. Various iterations of the OpenHydro turbines were tested in Scotland, France and Canada.
=== Orbital Marine Power ===
Line 101:
=== SIMEC Atlantis Energy ===
{{See also|SIMEC Atlantis Energy|MeyGen}}
'''SIMEC Atlantis Energy Ltd''' (SAE) is a renewable energy company which is developing the [[MeyGen]] tidal array in the [[Pentland Firth]] between the Scottish mainland and Orkney. Since 2017, this has operated with 4× 1.5 MW tidal turbines, making it the largest tidal-stream array worldwide. The next phases could see a further 50 MW installed by 2028.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MeyGen |url=http://saerenewables.com/tidal-stream/meygen/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=SAE Renewables |language=en-GB}}</ref>
The company was founded as '''Atlantis Resources''', and developed the 1.5 MW AR1500 turbine, a three-bladed horizontal-axis seabed mounded device, three of which are installed at [[MeyGen]]. They also built a smaller 500 kW AR500 turbine in Scotland, which was shipped to Japan and installed off [[Naru Island (Japan)|Naru Island]], part of the [[Gotō Islands]]. It reportedly generated 10 MWh in the first 10 days of operation in early 2021.<ref name=":15">{{Cite web |last=Frangoul |first=Anmar |date=2021-02-15 |title=A tidal turbine built in Scotland is now producing power in Japan |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/02/15/a-tidal-turbine-built-in-scotland-is-now-producing-power-in-japan.html |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref>
Line 114:
An upgraded '''PLAT-I''' '''6.4''', with six 4 m diameter rotors, totaling 420 kW, was built by A.F. Theriault & Son Ltd. in Meteghan, Nova Scotia in 2021.<ref name=":16" /> The turbine was tested at FORCE in the Grand Passage, delivering the first floating tidal power to the Canadian grid in April 2022.<ref name=":17">{{Cite web |last=Garanovic |first=Amir |date=2022-04-12 |title=Sustainable Marine delivers first ‘grid-compliant’ floating tidal power system in Canada |url=https://www.offshore-energy.biz/sustainable-marine-delivers-first-grid-compliant-floating-tidal-power-system-in-canada/ |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=Offshore Energy |language=en-US}}</ref>
SME developed the '''Pempa’q project''' at FORCE which was to comprise an array of the PLAT-I turbines, with up to 9 MW installed.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2019-09-30 |title=Sustainable Marine Energy reveals plans for 9-MW Pempa’q Tidal Energy Project |url=https://www.hydroreview.com/hydro-industry-news/oceantidalstream-power/sustainable-marine-energy-reveals-plans-for-9-mw-pempaq-tidal-energy-project/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Hydro Review |language=en-US}}</ref> The project received C$28.5million in funding from the Government of Canada,<ref name=":16" /> however it was cancelled in 2023, citing federal red tape.<ref name=":18">{{Cite web |last=Logan |first=Cloe |date=2023-05-05 |title=Tidal power company tanks Bay of Fundy project over federal red tape |url=https://www.nationalobserver.com/2023/05/05/news/tidal-power-company-tanks-bay-fundy-project-over-federal-red-tape |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Canada's National Observer |language=en}}</ref> SME placed the turbines into storage and removed all of the equipment from the seabed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 31, 2023 |title=FORCE 2023 Project Update |url=https://fundyforce.ca/document-collection/force-2023-project-update |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=Fundy Ocean Research Centre for Energy}}</ref> However, one of the turbines broke
In October 2022, the company split out
=== Tidal Energy Ltd ===
Line 122:
'''Tidal Energy Ltd''' (TEL) was a tidal stream developer based in Cardiff, Wales. They developed a three-bladed horizontal-axis turbine mounted on a 16 m long triangular gravity base. To increase reliability, a simple fixed-pitch blade design was used.<ref>{{Cite conference |last=Freeman |first=C |last2=Amaral Teixeira |first2=J |last3=Trarieux |first3=F |last4=Ayre |first4=R |date=2009 |title=Design of a gravity stabilised fixed pitch tidal turbine of 400 kW |url=https://tethys-engineering.pnnl.gov/sites/default/files/publications/Freemanetal2009.pdf |conference=Proceedings of the 8th European Wave and Tidal Energy Conference, Uppsala, Sweden. |via=Tethys}}</ref>
A 400 kW prototype was installed in [[Ramsey Island#Ramsey Sound|Ramsey Sound]], Wales in December 2015 after sitting on the quayside at [[Pembroke Dock]] for over a year.<ref name=":23">{{Cite web |last=Kelsey |first=Chris |date=2015-12-14 |title=Tidal energy device DeltaStream installed in the sea |url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/business/business-news/radical-new-tidal-energy-device-10594709 |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=Wales Online |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":36">{{Cite news |date=2015-12-13 |title=Giant tidal turbine placed on seabed off Pembrokeshire |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-south-west-wales-35087510 |access-date=2024-02-03 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> In March 2016, the turbine developed "an intermittent fault with an active sonar" followed by a mechanical defect which prevented it generating.<ref name=":37">{{Cite web |last=Poindexter |first=Gregory |date=2016-12-13 |title=Welsh government says buyer being sought for 400-kW DeltaStream tidal energy device |url=https://www.hydroreview.com/business-finance/business/welsh-government-says-buyer-being-sought-for-400-kw-deltastream-tidal-energy-device/ |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=Hydro Review |language=en-US}}</ref> After the company went into administration in October,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-10-24 |title=Administrators seek buyer for Tidal Energy Ltd |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-south-west-wales-37752750 |access-date=2024-02-03 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> the Welsh Government sought a buyer for the turbine in December 2016.<ref name=":37" />
There were plans to remove the turbine as part of the Anglo-French ''Tidal Stream Industry Energiser Project'' (TIGER) project, and examine the reasons for the failures. The Ramsey Sound site was also to be redeveloped by Cambrian Offshore South West, with a new turbine of up to 1 MW installed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fowler |first=David |date=2020-03-23 |title=In depth with the TIGER tidal stream project |url=https://www.theengineer.co.uk/content/in-depth/in-depth-with-the-tiger-tidal-stream-project/ |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=The Engineer |language=en}}</ref>
The triangular base frame was designed to support three turbines, although only a single turbine was tested.<ref name=":36" /> Eco2 in conjunction with TEL had planned to install an array of nine devices [[St David's Head]], to the north of Ramsey Sound.<ref name=":23" />
[[File:TGL DeepGen III at Hatston Pier.jpg|alt=The faded yellow nacelle of a tidal turbine, with three stubby blue blades at the left. Below and in front is a car, portacabin and fencing typical of industrial settings
[[File:TGL DeepGen IV at Hatston Pier.jpg|alt=A faded yellow nacelle of a tidal turbine, with three stubby blades at the left, the top one with traces of red paint. Two people stand below the blades, a third person is in a cherrypicker lift to the right. A metal frame with steps lead up to the rear of the nacelle on the right of the image.|thumb|The 1 MW TGL DeepGen IV tidal stream turbine at Hatston Pier, Orkney]]
Line 135:
TGL tested a 500 kW turbine at [[European Marine Energy Centre|EMEC]] from September 2010 as part of the Deep-Gen III project.<ref name=":04" /> This was the first turbine installed at EMEC that was eligible for [[Renewables Obligation (United Kingdom)|Renewables Obligation Certificates]].<ref name=":110">{{Cite web |last=Shead |first=Sam |date=2011-10-27 |title=Prototype tidal turbine delivers 100MWh to Scottish grid |url=https://www.theengineer.co.uk/content/news/prototype-tidal-turbine-delivers-100mwh-to-scottish-grid/ |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=The Engineer |language=en}}</ref> By September 2012, it had generated over 250 MWh of electricity which was supplied to the local grid.
An upgraded 1 MW Deep-Gen IV turbine was developed while part of Rolls-Royce within the ''Reliable Data Acquisition Platform for Tidal'' (ReDAPT) project, partly funded by the [[Energy Technologies Institute
The TGL turbines were a three-bladed horizontal-axis design which could yaw to face the incoming tide, driven by a thruster on the rear of the nacelle. They nacelle of the turbine was buoyant, which allowed it to towed to site then installed onto the subsea tripod foundation using a winch system operated from small workboats.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://ukerc.rl.ac.uk/ETI/PUBLICATIONS/MRN_MA1001_3.pdf |title=ReDAPT MC7.3 Public Domain Report: Final |last=Harrison |first=J |date=2015-08-12 |doi=10.5286/UKERC.EDC.000316 |access-date=2024-02-10}}</ref>
Line 144:
A prototype T1 turbine was tested in the sluice of the [[Afsluitdijk]] (Closure Dyke) in the Netherlands in 2008. This was 2.8 m in diameter and rated at 45 kW.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.ocean-energy-systems.org/publications/oes-annual-reports/document/oes-annual-report-2008/ |title=2008 Annual Report |date=February 2009 |publisher=International Energy Agency Implementing Agreement on Ocean Energy Systems (IEA-OES) |page=98}}</ref> In early 2015, a further three Tocardo T1 turbines were installed, each rated at 100 kW.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-15 |title=Tidal power plants are put to the test in the Netherlands {{!}} Engineer Live |url=https://www.engineerlive.com/node/18486 |access-date=2024-01-20 |website=www.engineerlive.com}}</ref>
In 2015, five Tocardo T2 turbines were installed on the [[Oosterscheldekering]] (Eastern Scheldt storm surge barrier) also in the Netherlands. These started generating electricity to the Dutch grid in 2016.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.ocean-energy-systems.org/publications/oes-annual-reports/document/oes-annual-report-2016/ |title=2016 Annual Report |date=2016-04-24 |publisher=The Executive Committee of Ocean Energy Systems |page=114}}</ref> They were mounted on a frame supported by the road bridge which could rotate to lift all of the turbines out the water simultaneously. Each turbine was 5.26 m in diameter (87 m
In the ''BlueTec'' project a floating platform was moored near the Dutch island of [[Texel]], with a Tocardo turbine mounted beneath it. It was initially installed in summer 2015 with a 100 kW T1 turbine, then reinstalled in early 2016 with a T2 turbine, and provided power to the local electricity grid.<ref name=":35">{{Cite journal |last=Nichols |first=Carly |last2=Nauw |first2=Janine |last3=Posoni |first3=Leandro |last4=Smit |first4=Marck |last5=Buatois |first5=Aymeric |last6=de Haas |first6=Pieter |date=25 August 2016 |title=BlueTEC Texel A Floating Tidal Energy Platform Prototype |url=https://www.hydro-international.com/content/article/bluetec-texel |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=Hydro International |language=en}}</ref> The turbine was launched from [[Den Helder]], and there were plans to also test a 50 kW Schottle turbine on the platform.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Energy |first=Marine |date=2015-04-09 |title=BlueTec platform inaugurated at Port of Den Helder |url=https://www.offshore-energy.biz/bluetec-platform-inaugurated-at-port-of-den-helder/ |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=Offshore Energy |language=en-US}}</ref>
Line 158:
=== Voith Hydro ===
[[File:Voith HyTide 1MW at Hatston Pier.jpg|alt=The large cylidrical white nacelle of the 1MW Voith HyTide tidal stream generator, with 3 stubby blue blades part way along. It sitting on a pier, two cars below dwarfed by the scale of the turbine. Behind is a large heavy-lift ship used for the installation.|thumb|The 1MW Voith HyTide tidal stream generator sitting on Hatston Pier, Orkney]]
'''Voith Hydro Ocean Current Technologies GmbH''' was a joint venture between [[Voith|Voith Hydro]] and [[RWE Innogy]] that developed tidal stream turbines, however Innogy sold their stake in November 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-06-14 |title=Voith to install tidal turbine in Scotland |url=https://www.theengineer.co.uk/content/news/voith-to-install-tidal-turbine-in-scotland/ |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=The Engineer |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Carruthers |first=Quentin |date=2013-12-02 |title=Innogy exits Voith Hydro Ocean Current Technologies |url=https://globalventuring.com/corporate/innogy-exits-voith-hydro-ocean-current-technologies/ |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=Global Venturing}}</ref>
The 110 kW HyTide
A full-scale 1 MW horizontal-axis turbine was then tested at EMEC between 2013 and 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tidal clients / Voith Hydro |url=https://www.emec.org.uk/about-us/our-tidal-clients/voith-hydro/ |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=EMEC: European Marine Energy Centre |language=}}</ref> The HyTide 1000 had a 13 m diameter rotor (133 m
Voith also acquired the 250 kW [[Islay LIMPET]] [[wave power]] station in 2005.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2005-05-24 |title=Buyout saves wave power company |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/4575583.stm |access-date=2024-01-06 |language=en-GB}}</ref>
Line 479:
== References ==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Tidal power]]
| |||