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{{Short description|none}}
{{Use American English|date=February 2023}}
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[[File:Effectivenessofcontraceptives.png|thumb|440px|Effectiveness of contraceptive methods with respect to birth control. Only condoms are useful to prevent [[sexually transmitted infections]].]]
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==User dependence==
Different methods require different levels of diligence by users. Methods with little or nothing to do or remember, or that require a clinic visit less than once per year are said to be ''non-user dependent'', ''forgettable,'' or ''top-tier'' methods.<ref name="Hatcher20th">{{Cite book |title=Contraceptive Technology |publisher=Ardent Media |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-59708-004-0 |
Many hormonal methods of birth control, and LAM require a moderate level of thoughtfulness. For many hormonal methods, clinic visits must be made every three months to a year to renew the prescription. The pill must be taken every day, the patch must be reapplied weekly, or the ring must be replaced monthly. Injections are required every 12 weeks. The rules for LAM must be followed every day. Both LAM and hormonal methods provide a reduced level of protection against pregnancy if they are occasionally used incorrectly (rarely going longer than 4–6 hours between breastfeeds, a late pill or injection, or forgetting to replace a patch or ring on time). The actual failure rates for LAM and hormonal methods are somewhat higher than the perfect-use failure rates.{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}
Higher levels of user commitment are required for other methods.<ref>{{Cite report |url=http://www.fhi.org/NR/rdonlyres/eoabicg5w53xarcybsiefba5ruvr6r2dnkws7vj2hr3ndzv225gkvw2oxtkdlxzcl5yr3q3iok4kid/Mera08091.pdf |title=Helping women understand contraceptive effectiveness |
==Side effects==
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Barrier methods have a risk of allergic reactions. Users sensitive to latex may use barriers made of less allergenic materials - polyurethane condoms, or silicone diaphragms, for example. Barrier methods are also often combined with spermicides, which have possible side effects of genital irritation, vaginal infection, and urinary tract infection.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}
Sterilization procedures are generally considered to have a low risk of side effects, though some persons and organizations disagree.<ref>{{Cite web |
After IUD insertion, users may experience irregular periods in the first 3–6 months with Mirena, and sometimes heavier periods and worse menstrual cramps with ParaGard. However, continuation rates are much higher with IUDs compared to non-long-acting methods.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Committee on Practice Bulletins-Gynecology, Long-Acting Reversible Contraception Work Group |date=November 2017 |title=Practice Bulletin No. 186: Long-Acting Reversible Contraception: Implants and Intrauterine Devices |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29064972 |journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=130 |issue=5 |pages=e251–e269 |doi=10.1097/AOG.0000000000002400 |issn=1873-233X |pmid=29064972 |s2cid=35477591}}</ref> A positive characteristic of IUDs is that fertility and the ability to become pregnant returns quickly once the IUD is removed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Planned Parenthood IUD Birth Control - Mirena IUD - ParaGard IUD |url=http://www.plannedparenthood.org/health-topics/birth-control/iud-4245.htm |access-date=2012-02-26}}</ref>
Because of their systemic nature, hormonal methods have the largest number of possible side effects.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Healthwise. |title=Advantages and Disadvantages of Hormonal Birth Control |url=http://healthlinksbc.org/kb/content/frame/tw9513.html |access-date=2010-07-06}}</ref> Combined hormonal contraceptives contain estrogen and progestin hormones.<ref name="teal-2021">{{
Hormonal contraceptives can come in multiple forms including injectables. Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA), a progestin-only injectable, has been found to cause [[amenorrhea]] (cessation of menstruation); however, the irregular bleeding pattern returns to normal over time.<ref name="teal-2021" /><ref name="barr-2020" /> DMPA has also been associated with weight gain.<ref name="barr-2020" /> Other side effects more commonly associated with progestin-only products include [[acne]] and [[hirsutism]].<ref name="barr-2020" /> Compared to combined hormonal contraceptives, progestin-only contraceptives typically produce a more regular bleeding pattern.<ref name="teal-2021" />
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[[condom|Male]] and [[female condom]]s provide significant protection against [[sexually transmitted infection]]s (STIs) when used consistently and correctly. They also provide some protection against [[cervical cancer]].<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Winer RL, Hughes JP, Feng Q, O'Reilly S, Kiviat NB, Holmes KK, Koutsky LA |date=June 2006 |title=Condom use and the risk of genital human papillomavirus infection in young women |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=354 |issue=25 |pages=2645–54 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa053284 |pmid=16790697 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hogewoning CJ, Bleeker MC, van den Brule AJ, Voorhorst FJ, Snijders PJ, Berkhof J, Westenend PJ, Meijer CJ |date=December 2003 |title=Condom use promotes regression of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and clearance of human papillomavirus: a randomized clinical trial |journal=International Journal of Cancer |volume=107 |issue=5 |pages=811–6 |doi=10.1002/ijc.11474 |pmid=14566832 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Condoms are often recommended as an adjunct to more effective birth control methods (such as [[IUD]]) in situations where STI protection is also desired.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cates W, Steiner MJ |date=March 2002 |title=Dual protection against unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections: what is the best contraceptive approach? |journal=Sexually Transmitted Diseases |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=168–74 |doi=10.1097/00007435-200203000-00007 |pmid=11875378 |s2cid=42792667 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
Other barrier methods, such as [[Diaphragm (contraceptive)|diaphragms]] may provide limited protection against infections in the upper genital tract. Other methods provide little or no protection against sexually transmitted infections. <ref>{{
==Effectiveness==
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Not using contraceptives is the most expensive option. While in that case there are no method related costs, it has the highest failure rate, and thus the highest failure related costs. Even if one only considers medical costs relating to preconception care and birth, any method of contraception saves money compared to using no method.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}
The most effective and the most cost-effective methods are long-acting methods. Unfortunately these methods often have significant up-front costs, and requiring the user to pay a portion of these costs prevents some from using more effective methods.<ref>{{
===Effectiveness calculation===
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| Tube tying, female sterilization || style=background:#e0ffff | {{sort|000.50|0.5}} <br />(1 in 200) || style=background:#e0ffff | {{sort|000.50|0.5}} <br />(1 in 200) || Sterilization || Surgical procedure ||style=background:#e0ffff| {{sort | 98.000 | Once}}
|-
| Bilateral [[salpingectomy]]<ref>{{
| Tube removal, "bisalp" || style=background:#e0ffff | {{sort|000.75|0.75}} (1 in 133) after 10 years<ref group="note">No data for 1 year failure rates</ref> || style=background:#e0ffff | {{sort|000.75|0.75}} after 10 years || Sterilization || Surgical procedure || style=background:#e0ffff | {{sort| 98.000 | Once}}
|-
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| Sensiplan by Arbeitsgruppe NFP ([[Malteser International|Malteser Germany]] gGmbh) || style=background:#e0ffe0 | {{sort|001.68|1.68}} <br />(1 of 60) || style=background:#e0ffff | {{sort|000.43|0.43}}<br /> (1 in 233) || Behavioral || Teaching sessions, observation, charting and evaluating a combination of fertility symptoms|| {{sort | 00.006 | Three teaching sessions + daily application}}
|-
| [[Lactational amenorrhea method|LAM]] for 6 months only; not applicable if menstruation resumes<ref>{{Cite book |
| Ecological breastfeeding || style="background:#e0ffe0" | {{sort|002.00|2}} <br />(1 in 50) || style=background:#e0ffff | {{sort|000.50|0.5}} <br />(1 in 200) || Behavioral || Breastfeeding || {{sort | 00.004 | Every few hours}}
|-
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| [[Lea's Shield]] || style=background:#e0ffe0 | {{sort|005.00|5}} <br />(1 in 20) || style=background:#dcdcdc | {{sort|100.00|no data}} || Barrier & spermicide || Vaginal insertion || {{sort | 00.030 | Every act of intercourse}}
|-
| [[Medroxyprogesterone acetate|MPA]] shot<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web | title = Percentage of women experiencing an unintended pregnancy during the first year of typical use and the first year of perfect use of contraception and the percentage continuing use at the end of the first year. United States | url = http://www.contraceptivetechnology.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Contraceptive-Failure-Rates.pdf
| [[Depo Provera]], the shot || style="background:#ffffc0" | {{sort|004.00|4}} <br />(1 in 25) || style=background:#e0ffff | {{sort|000.20|0.2}}<br />(1 in 500) || Progestogen || Injection || {{sort | 00.300 | 12 weeks}}
|-
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| POP, minipill || style=background:#ffffc0 | {{sort|009.00|9}}<ref name="contraceptivetechnology.org" /><br />(1 in 11) || style=background:#e0ffff | {{sort|000.30|0.3}}<br />(1 in 333) || Progestogen + placebo<ref name="placebo" /> || Oral medication || {{sort | 00.010 | Daily}}
|-
| [[Ormeloxifene]]<ref>{{Cite book |title=Pharmacology for Health in Asia : Proceedings of Asian Congress of Pharmacology, 15–19 January 1985, New Delhi, India |vauthors=Puri V |publisher=Allied Publishers |year=1988 |
| Saheli, Centron || style=background:#ffffc0 | {{sort|009.00|9}} <br /> (1 in 11)|| style=background:#e0ffe0 | {{sort|002.00|2}}<br />(1 in 50) || [[Selective estrogen receptor modulator|SERM]] || Oral medication || {{sort | 00.070 | Weekly}}
|-
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