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Multiple elements of a power system can be modelled. A [[power-flow study]] calculates the loading on transmission lines and the power necessary to be generated at generating stations, given the required loads to be served. A short circuit study or fault analysis calculates the [[Prospective short-circuit current|short-circuit current]] that would flow at various points of interest in the system under study, for short-circuits between phases or from energized wires to ground. A coordination study allows selection and setting of [[protective relay]]s and fuses to rapidly clear a short-circuit fault while minimizing effects on the rest of the power system. Transient or dynamic stability studies show the effect of events such as sudden load changes, short-circuits, or accidental disconnection of load on the synchronization of the generators in the system. Harmonic or power quality studies show the effect of non-linear loads such as lighting on the waveform of the power system, and allow recommendations to be made to mitigate severe distortion. An optimal power-flow study establishes the best combination of generating plant output to meet a given load requirement, so as to minimize production cost while maintaining desired stability and reliability; such models may be updated in near-real-time to allow guidance to system operators on the lowest-cost way to achieve [[economic dispatch]].
There are many power simulation software packages in commercial and non-commercial forms that range from utility-scale software to study tools. The shortfilm, "IPSA - A Blueprint for Power"<ref>"Network Graphics Based Interactive Power System Analysis (IPSA)"; IEEE Winter Power Meeting, New York, 4-9 Feb 1979; Paper A 79 019-1.3. Lynch, C.A.; Efthymiadis, A.E.</ref><ref>https://www.ipsa-power.com/a-blueprint-for-power/</ref> (narrated by Brian Trueman<ref>https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0874113/</ref>) showcases how the world's first power system analysis package for power system engineers was developed by the University of Manchester in 1974.
==Load flow calculation==
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