Extracellular matrix: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 04:40, 26 February 2024

Revision as of 10:55, 2 March 2024

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| Acronym = ECM

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In [[biology]], the '''extracellular matrix''' ('''ECM''')<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/matrix | title=Matrix - Definition and Examples - Biology Online Dictionary | date=24 December 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Body Tissues {{!}} SEER Training |url=https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/cells_tissues_membranes/tissues/ |website=training.seer.cancer.gov |access-date=12 January 2023}}</ref>, also called intercellular matrix (ICM), is a network consisting of [[extracellular]] [[macromolecule]]s and minerals, such as [[collagen]], [[enzyme]]s, [[glycoprotein]]s and [[hydroxyapatite]] that provide structural and [[biochemistry|biochemical]] support to surrounding cells.<ref name="addr">{{cite journal | vauthors = Theocharis AD, Skandalis SS, Gialeli C, Karamanos NK | title = Extracellular matrix structure | journal = Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews | volume = 97 | pages = 4–27 | date = February 2016 | pmid = 26562801 | doi = 10.1016/j.addr.2015.11.001 }}</ref><ref name="bonnans">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bonnans C, Chou J, Werb Z | title = Remodelling the extracellular matrix in development and disease | journal = Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology | volume = 15 | issue = 12 | pages = 786–801 | date = December 2014 | pmid = 25415508 | pmc = 4316204 | doi = 10.1038/nrm3904 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Michel G, Tonon T, Scornet D, Cock JM, Kloareg B | title = The cell wall polysaccharide metabolism of the brown alga Ectocarpus siliculosus. Insights into the evolution of extracellular matrix polysaccharides in Eukaryotes | journal = The New Phytologist | volume = 188 | issue = 1 | pages = 82–97 | date = October 2010 | pmid = 20618907 | doi = 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03374.x | doi-access = free }}{{open access}}</ref> Because [[Multicellular organism|multicellularity]] evolved independently in different multicellular lineages, the composition of ECM varies between multicellular structures; however, cell adhesion, cell-to-cell communication and differentiation are common functions of the ECM.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Abedin M, King N | title = Diverse evolutionary paths to cell adhesion | journal = Trends in Cell Biology | volume = 20 | issue = 12 | pages = 734–42 | date = December 2010 | pmid = 20817460 | pmc = 2991404 | doi = 10.1016/j.tcb.2010.08.002 }}</ref>

The animal extracellular [[Matrix (biology)|matrix]] includes the interstitial matrix and the [[basement membrane]].<ref name="Robbins">{{cite book |last1=Kumar |last2=Abbas |last3=Fausto |title=Robbins and Cotran: Pathologic Basis of Disease |___location=Philadelphia |publisher=Elsevier |edition=7th |isbn=978-0-7216-0187-8 |title-link=Surgical sieve#Pathologic Basis Of Disease |year=2005 }}</ref> Interstitial matrix is present between various animal cells (i.e., in the intercellular spaces). Gels of [[polysaccharide]]s and fibrous proteins fill the [[Interstitial fluid|interstitial space]] and act as a compression buffer against the stress placed on the ECM.<ref name=ECB>{{cite book | vauthors = Alberts B, Bray D, Hopin K, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P | title = Essential cell biology | chapter-url = https://archive.org/details/essentialcellbio00albe | chapter-url-access = registration | chapter = Tissues and Cancer | ___location = New York and London | publisher = [[Garland Science]] | year = 2004 | isbn = 978-0-8153-3481-1 }}</ref> Basement membranes are sheet-like depositions of ECM on which various [[epithelial]] cells rest. Each type of [[connective tissue]] in animals has a type of ECM: [[collagen]] fibers and [[bone mineral]] comprise the ECM of [[bone tissue]]; [[reticular fiber|reticular fibers]] and [[ground substance]] comprise the ECM of [[loose connective tissue]]; and [[blood plasma]] is the ECM of [[blood]].