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Golomb coding uses a tunable parameter {{mvar|M}} to divide an input value {{mvar|x}} into two parts: {{mvar|q}}, the result of a division by {{mvar|M}}, and {{mvar|r}}, the remainder. The quotient is sent in [[unary coding]], followed by the remainder in [[truncated binary encoding]]. When <math>M=1</math>, Golomb coding is equivalent to unary coding.
Golomb–Rice codes can be thought of as codes that indicate a number by the position of the ''bin'' ({{mvar|q}}), and the ''offset'' within the ''bin'' ({{mvar|r}}). The example figure shows the position {{mvar|q}} and offset {{mvar|r}} for the encoding of integer {{mvar|x}} using Golomb–Rice parameter {{math|''M'' {{=}} 3}}, with source probabilities following a geometric distribution with {{math|''p''(0) {{=}} 0.2}}.
Formally, the two parts are given by the following expression, where {{mvar|x}} is the nonnegative integer being encoded:
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