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| [[Inventions in the Islamic world|Arab engineer]], [[Al-Jazari]], invented numerous [[Automaton|automata]] and made numerous other technological innovations. One of these is a design for a [[Program (machine)|programmable]] [[Humanoid robot|humanoid]]-shaped [[mannequin]]: this seems to have been the first serious, scientific (as opposed to magical) plan for a [[robot]].<ref>[http://www.shef.ac.uk/marcoms/eview/articles58/robot.html A 13th Century Programmable Robot] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629182810/http://www.shef.ac.uk/marcoms/eview/articles58/robot.html |date=2007-06-29 }}, [[University of Sheffield]]</ref> He also invented the "[[castle clock]]", an [[astronomical clock]] which is considered to be the earliest [[Computer programming|programmable]] [[analog computer]].{{cn|date=March 2024}} It displayed the [[zodiac]], the [[Heliocentric orbit|solar]] and [[lunar orbit]]s, a [[Lunar phase|crescent moon]]-shaped [[pointer (computer programming)|pointer]] travelling across a gateway causing automatic doors to open every hour,<ref>Howard R. Turner (1997), ''Science in Medieval Islam: An Illustrated Introduction'', p. 184, [[University of Texas Press]], {{ISBN|0-292-78149-0}}</ref><ref name=Hill2>[[Donald Routledge Hill]], "Mechanical Engineering in the Medieval Near East", ''Scientific American'', May 1991, pp. 64–9 ([[cf.]] [[Donald Routledge Hill]], [http://home.swipnet.se/islam/articles/HistoryofSciences.htm Mechanical Engineering] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071225091836/http://home.swipnet.se/islam/articles/HistoryofSciences.htm |date=2007-12-25 }})</ref> and five [[robot]]ic musicians who play music when struck by levers operated by a [[camshaft]] attached to a [[water wheel]]. The length of day and night could be re-programmed every day in order to account for the changing lengths of day and night throughout the year.<ref name="Ancient Discoveries">{{Cite journal|title=Ancient Discoveries, Episode 11: Ancient Robots|publisher=[[History (U.S. TV channel)|History Channel]]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rxjbaQl0ad8|url-status=dead|access-date=2008-09-06|archive-date=2014-03-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301151115/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rxjbaQl0ad8}}</ref>
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