End-user development: Difference between revisions

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'''End-user development''' ('''EUD''') or '''end-user programming''' ('''EUP''') refers to activities and tools that allow [[User (computing)|end-user]]s – people who are not professional software developers – to [[Computer programming|program computers]]. People who are not professional developers can use EUD tools to create or modify ''software artifacts'' (descriptions of automated behavior) and complex data objects without significant knowledge of a [[programming language]]. In 2005 it was estimated (using statistics from the U.S. [[Bureau of Labor Statistics]]) that by 2012 there would be more than 55 million end-user developers in the United States, compared with fewer than 3 million professional programmers.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Scaffidi|first1=C.|last2=Shaw|first2=M.|last3=Myers|first3=B.|title=2005 IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing (VL/HCC'05) |chapter=Estimating the Numbers of End Users and End User Programmers |date=2005-09-01|pages=207–214|doi=10.1109/VLHCC.2005.34|isbn=978-0-7695-2443-6|s2cid=14608501 }}</ref> Various EUD approaches exist, and it is an active [[Discipline (academia)|research topic]] within the field of [[computer science]] and [[human-computer interaction]]. Examples include [[natural language programming]],<ref>Little, Greg, and Robert C. Miller. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20171210231913/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/b740/08688a029d7c48a2153a7905e7fa65fea72f.pdf Translating keyword commands into executable code]." Proceedings of the 19th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology. ACM, 2006.</ref><ref>Bruckman, Amy, and Elizabeth Edwards. "[http://www.cc.gatech.edu/~asb/papers/conference/edwards-bruckman-chi99.pdf Should we leverage natural-language knowledge? An analysis of user errors in a natural-language-style programming language]." Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, 1999.

APA

</ref> [[spreadsheet]]s,<ref name="encyclopedia"/> [[scripting languageslanguage]]s (particularly in an office suite or art application), [[Visual programming language|visual programming]], trigger-action programming and [[programming by example]].

The most popular EUD tool is the [[spreadsheet]].<ref name="encyclopedia">{{cite book|url=http://www.interaction-design.org/encyclopedia/end-user_development.html|first1=Margaret M.|last1=Burnett|author1-link=Margaret Burnett|first2=Christopher|last2=Scaffidi|title=End-User Development|date=January 2024 |publisher=Interaction-Design.org}} at "Encyclopedia of Human-Computer Interaction".</ref><ref name="Empowering Users">{{cite web|url=http://www.uxmatters.com/mt/archives/2009/08/empowering-users-to-create-their-own-software.php|title=Empowering Users to Create Their Own Software|first=Peter |last=Hornsby |date=2009-08-03 |access-date=2014-01-31 |website=UXmatters}}</ref> Due to their unrestricted nature, spreadsheets allow relatively un-sophisticated computer users to write programs that represent complex data models, while shielding them from the need to learn lower-level programming languages.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Abraham |first1=R. |last2=Burnett |first2=M |last3=Erwig |first3=M |year=2009 |chapter=Spreadsheet programming |title=Wiley Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Engineering |pages=1–10}}</ref> Because of their common use in business, spreadsheet skills are among the most beneficial skills for a graduate employee to have, and are therefore the most commonly sought after<ref>Kruck, S. & Sheetz, S., 2001. [http://www.pucrs.br/ciencias/viali/tic_literatura/artigos/planilhas/KRUCK-SHEETZ_SpreadsheetAccTheory.pdf Spreadsheet accuracy theory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818052312/http://www.pucrs.br/ciencias/viali/tic_literatura/artigos/planilhas/KRUCK-SHEETZ_SpreadsheetAccTheory.pdf |date=2018-08-18 }}. Journal of Information Systems Education.</ref> In the United States of America alone, there are an estimated 13 million end-user developers programming with spreadsheets<ref>Scaffidi, C., Shaw, M. & Myers, B., 2005. [http://web.engr.oregonstate.edu/~cscaffid/papers/eu_20050923_vlhcc.pdf Estimating the Numbers of End Users and End User Programmers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912030301/http://web.engr.oregonstate.edu/~cscaffid/papers/eu_20050923_vlhcc.pdf |date=2011-09-12 }}. 2005 IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing (VL/HCC’05), pp.207–214.</ref>