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T-DNA contains two types of genes: the [[Oncogene|oncogenic genes]], encoding for [[Enzyme|enzymes]] involved in the synthesis of [[Auxin|auxins]] and [[Cytokinin|cytokinins]] and responsible for [[tumor]] formation, and the genes encoding for the synthesis of [[Opine|opines]]. These compounds, produced by the condensation between [[Amino acid|amino acids]] and sugars, are synthesized and excreted by the crown gall cells, and they are consumed by A. tumefaciens as carbon and nitrogen sources.
The genes involved in opine [[catabolism]], T-DNA transfer from the bacterium to the plant cell and [[Bacterial conjugation|bacterium-bacterium plasmid conjugative transfer]] are located outside the T-DNA.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Hooykaas |first1=Paul J. J. |last2=Schilperoort |first2=Rob A. |date=1992-05-01 |title=Agrobacterium and plant genetic engineering |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00015604 |journal=Plant Molecular Biology |language=en |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=15–38 |doi=10.1007/BF00015604 |pmid=1600167 |s2cid=36172990 |issn=1573-5028}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Zupan |first1=J. R. |last2=Zambryski |first2=P. |date=1995-04-01 |title=Transfer of T-DNA from Agrobacterium to the Plant Cell |url=https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.107.4.1041 |journal=Plant Physiology |volume=107 |issue=4 |pages=1041–1047 |doi=10.1104/pp.107.4.1041 |issn=0032-0889 |pmc=157234 |pmid=7770515}}</ref> The T-DNA fragment is flanked by 25-bp direct repeats, which act as a cis-element signal for the transfer apparatus. The process of T-DNA transfer is mediated by the cooperative action of [[Protein|proteins]] encoded by genes determined in the Ti plasmid virulence region (vir genes) and in the bacterial chromosome. The Ti plasmid also contains the genes for opine catabolism produced by the crown gall cells and regions for conjugative transfer and for its own integrity and stability. The 30 kb virulence (vir) region is a [[regulon]] organized in six [[Operon|operons]] essential for the T-DNA transfer (virA, virB, virD, and virG) or for the increasing of transfer efficiency (virC and virE).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jeon |first1=Geoung-A |last2=Eum |first2=Jin-seong |last3=Sim |first3=Woong Seop |date=1998-02-01 |title=The Role of Inverted Repeat (IR) Sequence of the virE Gene Expression in Agrobacterium tumefaciens pTiA6. |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1016847823133917 |journal=Molecules and Cells |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=49–53 |doi=10.1016/S1016-8478(23)13391-7 |pmid=9571631 |issn=1016-8478}}</ref> Several chromosomal-determined genetic elements have shown their functional role in the attachment of ''A. tumefaciens'' to the plant cell and bacterial colonization. The loci chvA and chvB are involved in the synthesis and excretion of the b -1,2 [[glucan]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cangelosi |first1=G A |last2=Martinetti |first2=G |last3=Leigh |first3=J A |last4=Lee |first4=C C |last5=Theines |first5=C |last6=Nester |first6=E W |date=March 1989 |title=Role for [corrected] Agrobacterium tumefaciens ChvA protein in export of beta-1,2-glucan |journal=Journal of Bacteriology |language=en |volume=171 |issue=3 |pages=1609–1615 |doi=10.1128/jb.171.3.1609-1615.1989 |issn=0021-9193 |pmc=209788 |pmid=2921245}}</ref> the {{not a typo|chvE}} required for the sugar enhancement of vir [[Gene induction|genes induction]] and [[Bacterial chemotaxis - general|bacterial chemotaxis]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ankenbauer |first1=R G |last2=Nester |first2=E W |date=November 1990 |title=Sugar-mediated induction of Agrobacterium tumefaciens virulence genes: structural specificity and activities of monosaccharides |journal=Journal of Bacteriology |language=en |volume=172 |issue=11 |pages=6442–6446 |doi=10.1128/jb.172.11.6442-6446.1990 |issn=0021-9193 |pmc=526831 |pmid=2121715}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cangelosi |first1=G A |last2=Ankenbauer |first2=R G |last3=Nester |first3=E W |date=September 1990 |title=Sugars induce the Agrobacterium virulence genes through a periplasmic binding protein and a transmembrane signal protein. |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=87 |issue=17 |pages=6708–6712 |doi=10.1073/pnas.87.17.6708 |doi-access=free |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=54606 |pmid=2118656|bibcode=1990PNAS...87.6708C }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Citation |last1=Cangelosi |first1=Gerard A. |title=
==References==
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