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Von Neumann, J.; Richtmyer, R. D. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 21, pp. 232–237</ref>
* Ulam and von Neumann introduce the notion of cellular automata.<ref>Von Neumann, J., Theory of Self-Reproduiing Automata, Univ. of Illinois Press, Urbana, 1966.</ref>
* [[Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine#First programs|A routine for the Manchester Baby]] written to factor a large number (2^18), one of the first in [[computational number theory]].<ref>[http://curation.cs.manchester.ac.uk/digital60/www.digital60.org/birth/manchestercomputers/mark1/manchester.html The Manchester Mark 1.]</ref> The Manchester group would make several other breakthroughs in [[Mersenne primes|this area]].
* LU decomposition technique first discovered.
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