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==References==
{{
<ref name="Gottschalk-Benson_1972">{{ussc |name=Gottschalk v. Benson |volume=409 |page=63 |pin=72 |date=1972}}.</ref>
<ref name="Intel_IA32">{{cite web |author=Intel |title=ia32 architecture manual |url=http://www.intel.com/content/dam/www/public/us/en/documents/manuals/64-ia-32-architectures-software-developers-manual.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.intel.com/content/dam/www/public/us/en/documents/manuals/64-ia-32-architectures-software-developers-manual.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |publisher=[[Intel]] |access-date=2015-07-01}}</ref>
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<ref name="Tafel_1971">{{cite book |title=Einführung in die digitale Datenverarbeitung |language=de |trans-title=Introduction to digital information processing |first=Hans Jörg |last=Tafel |publisher=[[Carl Hanser Verlag]] |date=1971 |___location=Munich |isbn=3-446-10569-7}}</ref>
<ref name="Steinbuch_1962">{{cite book |title=Taschenbuch der Nachrichtenverarbeitung |language=de |editor-first=Karl W. |editor-last=Steinbuch |editor-link=Karl W. Steinbuch |author-first=Erich R. |author-last=Berger |chapter=1.3.3. Die Codierung von Zahlen |date=1962 |edition=1 |publisher=[[Springer-Verlag OHG]] |___location=Karlsruhe, Germany |publication-place=Berlin / Göttingen / New York |lccn=62-14511 |pages=68–75}} (NB. The shown Kautz code ([[#Kautz II|II]]), containing all eight available binary states with an odd count of 1s, is a slight modification of the {{citeref|Kautz|1954|original Kautz|style=plain}} code ([[#Kautz|I]]), containing all eight states with an even count of 1s, so that inversion of the most-significant bits will create a [[9s complement]].)</ref>
<ref name="Steinbuch-Weber-Heinemann_1974">{{cite book |title=Taschenbuch der Informatik - Band II - Struktur und Programmierung von EDV-Systemen |language=de |editor-first1=Karl W. |editor-last1=Steinbuch |editor-link1=Karl W. Steinbuch |editor-first2=Wolfgang |editor-last2=Weber <!-- |editor-link2=:de:Wolfgang Weber (Ingenieur)? --> |editor-first3=Traute |editor-last3=Heinemann |date=1974 |orig-date=1967 |edition=3 |volume=2 |series=Taschenbuch der Nachrichtenverarbeitung |publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] |___location=Berlin, Germany |isbn=3-540-06241-6 |lccn=73-80607}}</ref>
<ref name="Tietze-Schenk_2013">{{cite book |title=Advanced Electronic Circuits |author-first1=Ulrich |author-last1=Tietze |author-first2=Christoph |author-last2=Schenk |date=2012-12-06 |publisher=[[Springer Science & Business Media]] |isbn=978-3642812415 |id=9783642812415 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dYruCAAAQBAJ |access-date=2015-08-05}}</ref>
<ref name="Kowalski_1070">{{cite book |title=Nuclear Electronics |author-first=Emil |author-last=Kowalski |date=2013-03-08 |orig-date=1970 |publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] |isbn=978-3642876639 |id=9783642876639, 978-3-642-87664-6 |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-87663-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xr-IBwAAQBAJ |access-date=2015-08-05}}</ref>
<ref name="Ferretti_2013">{{cite book |title=Wörterbuch der Elektronik, Datentechnik und Telekommunikation / Dictionary of Electronics, Computing and Telecommunications: Teil 1: Deutsch-Englisch / Part 1: German-English |author-first=Vittorio |author-last=Ferretti |edition=2 |volume=1 |publisher=Springer-Verlag |date=2013-03-13 |isbn=978-3642980886 |id=9783642980886 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gtHzBQAAQBAJ |access-date=2015-08-05}}</ref>
<ref name="Speiser_1965">{{cite book |author-first=Ambrosius Paul |author-last=Speiser |author-link=Ambrosius Paul Speiser |___location=[[Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich|ETH Zürich]], Zürich, Switzerland |title=Digitale Rechenanlagen - Grundlagen / Schaltungstechnik / Arbeitsweise / Betriebssicherheit |language=de |trans-title=Digital computers - Basics / Circuits / Operation / Reliability |edition=2 |date=1965 |orig-date=1961 |publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] / [[IBM]] |lccn=65-14624 |id=0978 |page=209}}</ref>
<ref name="Dokter_1973">{{cite book |title=Digital Electronics |author-first1=Folkert |author-last1=Dokter |author-first2=Jürgen |author-last2=Steinhauer |date=1973-06-18 |series=Philips Technical Library (PTL) / Macmillan Education |publisher=[[The Macmillan Press Ltd.]] / [[N. V. Philips' Gloeilampenfabrieken]] |edition=Reprint of 1st English |___location=Eindhoven, Netherlands |sbn=333-13360-9 |isbn=978-1-349-01419-4 |doi=10.1007/978-1-349-01417-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hlRdDwAAQBAJ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716231044/https://books.google.com/books?id=hlRdDwAAQBAJ |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 July 2020 |access-date=2020-05-11
<ref name="Dokter_1975">{{cite book |author-first1=Folkert |author-last1=Dokter |author-first2=Jürgen |author-last2=Steinhauer |title=Digitale Elektronik in der Meßtechnik und Datenverarbeitung: Theoretische Grundlagen und Schaltungstechnik |language=de |series=Philips Fachbücher |publisher=[[Deutsche Philips GmbH]] |___location=Hamburg, Germany |volume=I |date=1975 |orig-date=1969 |edition=improved and extended 5th |isbn=3-87145-272-6 |page=50}} (xii+327+3 pages) (NB. The German edition of volume I was published in 1969, 1971, two editions in 1972, and 1975. Volume II was published in 1970, 1972, 1973, and 1975.)</ref>
<ref name="Kämmerer_1969">{{cite book |title=Digitale Automaten – Theorie, Struktur, Technik, Programmieren |language=de |author-first=Wilhelm |author-last=Kämmerer |author-link=:de:Wilhelm Kämmerer |editor-first1=Hans |editor-last1=Frühauf |editor-link1=:de:Hans Frühauf |editor-first2=Wilhelm |editor-last2=Kämmerer |editor-first3=Kurz |editor-last3=Schröder |editor-first4=Helmut |editor-last4=Winkler |chapter=II.15. Struktur: Informationsdarstellung im Automaten |edition=1 |date=May 1969 |publisher=[[Akademie-Verlag GmbH]] |publication-place=Berlin, Germany |___location=Jena, Germany |volume=5 |id=License no. 202-100/416/69. Order no. 4666 ES 20 K 3. |series=Elektronisches Rechnen und Regeln |page=161 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jkcgAQAAIAAJ}} (NB. A second edition 1973 exists as well.)</ref>
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<ref name="Stopper_1960">{{cite journal |title=Ermittlung des Codes und der logischen Schaltung einer Zähldekade |language=de |author-first=Herbert |author-last=Stopper |editor-first=Wilhelm Tolmé |editor-last=Runge |editor-link=Wilhelm Tolmé Runge |date=March 1960 |journal=Telefunken-Zeitung (TZ) - Technisch-Wissenschaftliche Mitteilungen der Telefunken GMBH |volume=33 |issue=127 |publisher=[[Telefunken]] |publication-place=Berlin, Germany |___location=Litzelstetten, Germany |pages=13–19}} (7 pages<!-- of total pages 1–80 -->)</ref>
<ref name="Borucki-Dittmann_1971">{{cite book |title=Digitale Meßtechnik: Eine Einführung |chapter=2.3 Gebräuchliche Codes in der digitalen Meßtechnik |language=de |author-first1=Lorenz |author-last1=Borucki |author-first2=Joachim |author-last2=Dittmann |date=1971 |orig-date=July 1970, 1966, Autumn 1965 |publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] |publication-place=Berlin / Heidelberg, Germany |___location=Krefeld / Karlsruhe, Germany |edition=2 |lccn=75-131547 |isbn=3-540-05058-2<!-- this is the ISBN printed in the book --> |id={{ISBN|978-3-642-80561-5}}<!-- this is for reprints of the 2nd edition --> |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-80560-8 |pages=10–23 [12–14]}} (viii+252 pages) [https://books.google.com/books?id=NwyCBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 1st edition]</ref>
<ref name="Chinal_1973">{{cite book |title=Design Methods for Digital Systems |author-first=Jean P. |author-last=Chinal |chapter=Codes |language=en |publisher=[[Akademie-Verlag]] / [[Springer-Verlag]] |publication-place=Berlin, Germany |___location=Paris, France |translator-first=Alan |translator-last1=Preston |translator-first2=Arthur |translator-last2=Summer |date=January 1973 |edition=1st English |id=License No. 202-100/542/73. Order No. 7617470(6047) ES 19 B 1 / 20 K 3 |isbn=978-0-387-05871-9 |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-86187-1_3|page=46 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8FnxCAAAQBAJ |access-date=2020-06-21
<ref name="Gray_1947">{{cite book |author-first=Frank |author-last=Gray |author-link=Frank Gray (researcher) |title=Pulse Code Communication |date=1953-03-17<!-- gdate --> |orig-date=1947-11-13<!-- fdate --> |publisher=[[Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated]] |___location=New York, USA |id={{US patent|2632058}}. Serial No. 785697 |url=https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/a3/d7/f2/0343f5f2c0cf50/US2632058.pdf |access-date=2020-08-05 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805094312/https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/a3/d7/f2/0343f5f2c0cf50/US2632058.pdf |archive-date=2020-08-05}} (13 pages)</ref>
<ref name="Glixon_1957">{{cite journal |date=March 1957 |title=Can You Take Advantage of the Cyclic Binary-Decimal Code? |author-first=Harry Robert |author-last=Glixon |journal=[[Control Engineering (magazine)|Control Engineering]] |issn=0010-8049 |publisher=[[Technical Publishing Company]], a division of Dun-Donnelley Publishing Corporation, [[Dun & Bradstreet Corp.]] |volume=4 |number=3 |pages=<!-- 3, -->87–91 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-_5IAQAAIAAJ}}<!-- https://web.archive.org/web/20180115014809/https://donmooreswartales.com/2010/05/12/harry-glixon/ https://books.google.com/books?id=-_5IAQAAIAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=cyclic+binary+code --> (5 pages)</ref>
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<ref name="Lucal_1959">{{cite journal |author-first=Harold M. |author-last=Lucal |title=Arithmetic Operations for Digital Computers Using a Modified Reflected Binary |journal=[[IRE Transactions on Electronic Computers]] |volume=EC-8 |number=4 |pages=449–458 |date=December 1959 |issn=0367-9950 |doi=10.1109/TEC.1959.5222057 |s2cid=206673385 |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5222057}} (10 pages)</ref>
<ref name="EHub_2015">{{cite web |title=Different Types of Binary Codes |at=Section 2.4 5211 Code |date=2019-05-01 |orig-date=2015-01-28 |work=Electronic Hub |url=https://www.electronicshub.org/disclaimer/ |access-date=2020-08-04 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518203953/https://www.electronicshub.org/disclaimer/ |archive-date=2020-05-18}}</ref>
<ref name="Paul_1995">{{cite web |author-first=Matthias R. |author-last=Paul |title=Unterbrechungsfreier Schleifencode |language=de |trans-title=Continuous loop code |version=1.02 |url=http://www.uni-bonn.de/~uzs180/download/mpbcd102.zip |date=1995-08-10 |orig-date=1994 |access-date=2008-02-11
<ref name="Petherick_1953">{{cite book |author-first=Edward John |author-last=Petherick |title=A Cyclic Progressive Binary-coded-decimal System of Representing Numbers |date=October 1953 |type=Technical Note MS15 |publisher=[[Royal Aircraft Establishment]] (RAE) |___location=Farnborough, UK}} (4 pages) (NB. Sometimes referred to as ''A Cyclic-Coded Binary-Coded-Decimal System of Representing Numbers''.)</ref>
<ref name="Petherick-Hopkins_1958">{{cite book |author-first1=Edward John |author-last1=Petherick |author-first2=A. J. |author-last2=Hopkins |title=Some Recently Developed Digital Devices for Encoding the Rotations of Shafts |date=1958 |type=Technical Note MS21 |publisher=[[Royal Aircraft Establishment]] (RAE) |___location=Farnborough, UK}}</ref>
<ref name="O'Brien_1955">{{cite journal |author-first=Joseph A. |author-last=O'Brien |title=Cyclic Decimal Codes for Analogue to Digital Converters |journal=[[Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, Part I: Communication and Electronics]] |___location=Bell Telephone Laboratories, Whippany, New Jersey, USA |volume=75 |issue=2 |date=May 1956 |orig-date=1955-11-15, 1955-06-23 |issn=0097-2452 |doi=10.1109/TCE.1956.6372498 |id=Paper 56-21 |s2cid=51657314 |pages=120–122 |url=https://pdfslide.net/documents/cyclic-decimal-codes-for-analogue-to-digital-converters.html |access-date=2020-05-18
<ref name="Tompkins_1956">{{cite journal |author-first=Howard E. |author-last=Tompkins |title=Unit-Distance Binary-Decimal Codes for Two-Track Commutation |date=September 1956 |orig-date=1956-07-16 |journal=[[IRE Transactions on Electronic Computers]] |issn=0367-9950 |volume=EC-5 |issue=3 |doi=10.1109/TEC.1956.5219934 |series=Correspondence |___location=[[Moore School of Electrical Engineering]], [[University of Pennsylvania]], Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA |page=139 |url=https://dokumen.tips/documents/unit-distance-binary-decimal-codes-for-two-track-commutation.html |access-date=2020-05-18
<ref name="Susskind_1958">{{cite book |title=Notes on Analog-Digital Conversion Techniques |chapter=III.F. Unit-Distance Codes / VI.E.2. Reflected Binary Codes |editor-first=Alfred Kriss |editor-last=Susskind<!-- born 1923-10-04, Coblenz (Göda), Germany, died 1988-12-10 Bethesda, Maryland, USA --> |author-first1=Alfred Kriss<!-- Patent US3487460A erroneously refers to Alfred Kriss Susskind as Alfred N. Susskind: https://patents.google.com/patent/US3487460A --> |author-last1=Susskind |author-first2=John Erwin |author-last2=Ward<!-- born 1920 --> |date=1958-03-28 |orig-date=1957, 1956 |edition=3 |publisher=[[Technology Press of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] / [[John Wiley & Sons, Inc.]] / [[Chapman & Hall, Ltd.]] |publication-place=New York, USA |___location=Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA |series=Technology Books in Science and Engineering |volume=1 |pages=3-7–3-8 [3-7], 3-10–3-16 [3-13–3-16], 6-65–6-60 [6-60]}} (x+416+2 pages) (NB. The contents of the book was originally prepared by staff members of the [[MIT Servomechanisms Laboratory|Servomechanisms Laboraratory]], Department of Electrical Engineering, [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]], for Special Summer Programs held in 1956 and 1957. The code Susskind actually presented in his work as "reading-type code" is shown as code type II here, whereas the type I code<!-- which is not directly discussed in the book --> is a minor derivation with the two most significant bit columns swapped to better illustrate symmetries.)</ref>
<ref name="MIL_1991">{{cite book |title=Military Handbook: Encoders - Shaft Angle To Digital |publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]] |id=MIL-HDBK-231A |date=1991-09-30 |url=http://everyspec.com/MIL-HDBK/MIL-HDBK-0200-0299/download.php?spec=MIL_HDBK_231A.1809.pdf |access-date=2020-07-25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725051128/http://everyspec.com/MIL-HDBK/MIL-HDBK-0200-0299/download.php?spec=MIL_HDBK_231A.1809.pdf |archive-date=2020-07-25}} (NB. Supersedes MIL-HDBK-231(AS) (1970-07-01).)</ref>
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<ref name="3GPP_2013_TS29002">{{cite tech report |title=3GPP TS 29.002: Mobile Application Part (MAP) specification |at=sec. 17.7.8 Common data types |date=2013 |url=http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html-info/29002.htm}}</ref>
<ref name="ETSI_SPS">{{cite web |url=http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_etr/001_099/060/02_60/etr_060e02p.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204061024/http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_etr/001_099/060/02_60/etr_060e02p.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-04 |url-status=live |title=Signalling Protocols and Switching (SPS) Guidelines for using Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1) in telecommunication application protocols |page=15}}</ref>
<ref name="OpenSS_XMAP">{{cite web |url=http://www.openss7.org/specs/xmap.pdf |title=XOM Mobile Application Part (XMAP) Specification |page=93 |access-date=2013-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221103429/http://www.openss7.org/specs/xmap.pdf |archive-date=2015-02-21 |url-status=dead
<ref name="Units_ENS">{{cite web |title=Timer Counter Circuits in an IBM PC |issue=Week 8 |website=www.se.ecu.edu.au |url=http://www.se.ecu.edu.au/units/ens1242/lectures/ens_Notes_08.pdf |access-date=2022-05-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010064411/http://www.se.ecu.edu.au/units/ens1242/lectures/ens_Notes_08.pdf |archive-date=2008-10-10}} (7 pages)</ref>
<ref name="MC6818">MC6818 datasheet</ref>
<ref name="Evans_1961">{{anchor|Ferranti}}{{cite book |title=Digital Data: Their derivation and reduction for analysis and process control |chapter=Chapter Four: Ancillary Equipment: Output-drive and parity-check relays for digitizers |author-first=David Silvester |author-last=Evans<!-- M.I.E.E. --> |edition=1<!-- printed by J. W. Arrowsmith Ltd, Bristol, UK --> |publisher=[[Hilger & Watts Ltd]] / [[Interscience Publishers]] |___location=London, UK |date=March 1961 |pages=46–64 [56–57] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WOIJAAAAMAAJ |access-date=2020-05-24
<ref name="Ledley_1960">{{cite book |title=Digital Computer and Control Engineering |chapter=Part 4. Logical Design of Digital-Computer Circuitry; Chapter 15. Serial Arithmetic Operations; Chapter 15-7. Additional Topics |author-first1=Robert Steven |author-last1=Ledley |author-link1=Robert Steven Ledley |author-first2=Louis S. |author-last2=Rotolo |author-first3=James Bruce |author-last3=Wilson |publisher=[[McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc.]] (printer: The Maple Press Company, York, Pennsylvania, USA) |publication-place=New York, USA |series=McGraw-Hill Electrical and Electronic Engineering Series |edition=1 |date=1960 |sbn=07036981-X |isbn=0-07036981-X |id=. ark:/13960/t72v3b312 |issn=2574-7916 |ol=OL5776493M |lccn=59015055 |oclc=1033638267 |pages=517–518 |url=http://bitsavers.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/pdf/columbiaUniv/Ledley_Digital_Computer_and_Control_Engineering_1960.pdf |access-date=2021-02-19 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219203314/http://bitsavers.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/pdf/columbiaUniv/Ledley_Digital_Computer_and_Control_Engineering_1960.pdf |archive-date=2021-02-19 |quote-page=517 |quote=[…] The cyclic code is advantageous mainly in the use of relay circuits, for then a sticky relay will not give a false state as it is delayed in going from one cyclic number to the next. There are many other cyclic codes that have this property. […]}} [https://archive.org/details/digitalcomputerc00ledl] (xxiv+835+1 pages) (NB. Ledley classified the described cyclic code as a ''cyclic decimal-coded binary code''.)</ref>
}}
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