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'''Bioinformatics''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-bioinformatics.ogg|ˌ|b|aɪ|.|oʊ|ˌ|ɪ|n|f|ɚ|ˈ|m|æ|t|ɪ|k|s}}) is an [[interdisciplinary]] field of [[science]] that develops methods and [[Bioinformatics software|software tool]]s for understanding [[biology|biological]] data, especially when the data sets are large and complex. Bioinformatics uses [[biology]], [[chemistry]], [[physics]], [[computer science]], [[computer programming]], [[Information engineering (field)|information engineering]], [[mathematics]] and [[statistics]] to analyze and interpret [[biological data]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gagniuc |first1=Paul |title=Algorithms in Bioinformatics: Theory and Implementation |date=17 August 2021 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-119-69796-1 |pages=1-528 |edition=1 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781119698005 |language=en}}</ref> The subsequent process of analyzing and interpreting data is referred to as [[computational biology]].
[[ComputerComputational, simulation]]statistical, assessmentsand ofcomputer [[Biology|biologicalprogramming inquiries]]techniques have been performedused using statistical, computational, andfor [[In silico|computer programmingsimulation]] methodsanalyses of biological queries. TheseThey areinclude reused specific repurposedanalysis "pipelines" for certain analyses, especiallyparticularly in the ___domainfield of [[genomics]], wheresuch genesas andby the identification of [[Single-nucleotidegene]]s and polymorphism|single [[nucleotide]] polymorphisms ([[Single-nucleotide polymorphism|SNPs)]] are identified). By using theseThese pipelines, oneare mayused getto abetter deeper understanding ofunderstand the genetic underpinningsbasis of various diseasesdisease, specialunique adaptations, desirable traitsproperties (particularlyesp. in agricultural animalsspecies), andor populationdifferences variationsbetween populations. ProteomicsBioinformatics also includes [[proteomics]], which aimstries to comprehendunderstand the organizingorganizational principles insidewithin [[nucleic acid]] and [[protein]] sequences,.<ref>{{cite isweb another|vauthors=Lesk branchAM of|date=26 [July 2013 |title=Bioinformatics |url=https://graphicshopwww.infobritannica.com/thescience/bioinformatics |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-intersectiondate=17 April 2017 |archive-ofdate=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414103621/https://www.britannica.com/science/bioinformatics |url-and-biologystatus=live bioinformatics].}}</ref>
Image and [[signal processing]] allow extraction of useful results from large amounts of raw data. In the field of genetics, it aids in sequencing and annotating genomes and their observed [[mutation]]s. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1122955/ Bioinformatics] includes [[text mining]] of biological literature and the development of biological and gene [[Ontology (information science)|ontologies]] to organize and query biological data. It also plays a role in the analysis of gene and protein expression and regulation. Bioinformatics tools aid in comparing, analyzing and interpreting genetic and genomic data and more generally in the understanding of evolutionary aspects of molecular biology. At a more integrative level, it helps analyze and catalogue the biological pathways and networks that are an important part of [[systems biology]]. In [[structural biology]], it aids in the simulation and modeling of DNA,<ref name=":0">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sim AY, Minary P, Levitt M | title = Modeling nucleic acids | journal = Current Opinion in Structural Biology | volume = 22 | issue = 3 | pages = 273–8 | date = June 2012 | pmid = 22538125 | pmc = 4028509 | doi = 10.1016/j.sbi.2012.03.012 }}</ref> RNA,<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dawson WK, Maciejczyk M, Jankowska EJ, Bujnicki JM | title = Coarse-grained modeling of RNA 3D structure | journal = Methods | volume = 103 | pages = 138–56 | date = July 2016 | pmid = 27125734 | doi = 10.1016/j.ymeth.2016.04.026 | doi-access = free }}</ref> proteins<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kmiecik S, Gront D, Kolinski M, Wieteska L, Dawid AE, Kolinski A | title = Coarse-Grained Protein Models and Their Applications | journal = Chemical Reviews | volume = 116 | issue = 14 | pages = 7898–936 | date = July 2016 | pmid = 27333362 | doi = 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00163 | doi-access = free }}</ref> as well as [https://www.britannica.com/science/biomolecule#:~:text=biomolecule%2C%20any%20of%20numerous%20substances,%2C%20nucleic%20acids%2C%20and%20proteins. biomolecular] interactions.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Wong KC |year=2016 |title=Computational Biology and Bioinformatics: Gene Regulation |publisher=CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group |isbn=978-1-4987-2497-5 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Joyce AP, Zhang C, Bradley P, Havranek JJ | title = Structure-based modeling of protein: DNA specificity | journal = Briefings in Functional Genomics | volume = 14 | issue = 1 | pages = 39–49 | date = January 2015 | pmid = 25414269 | pmc = 4366589 | doi = 10.1093/bfgp/elu044 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | vauthors = Spiga E, Degiacomi MT, Dal Peraro M |date=2014 |chapter=New Strategies for Integrative Dynamic Modeling of Macromolecular Assembly | veditors = Karabencheva-Christova T |title=Biomolecular Modelling and Simulations |series=Advances in Protein Chemistry and Structural Biology |volume=96 |pages=77–111 |publisher=Academic Press |doi=10.1016/bs.apcsb.2014.06.008 |pmid=25443955 |isbn=978-0-12-800013-7 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ciemny M, Kurcinski M, Kamel K, Kolinski A, Alam N, Schueler-Furman O, Kmiecik S | title = Protein-peptide docking: opportunities and challenges | journal = Drug Discovery Today | volume = 23 | issue = 8 | pages = 1530–1537 | date = August 2018 | pmid = 29733895 | doi = 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.05.006 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
== History ==
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