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|script=[[Latin script]] ([[Malay alphabet|Rumi]])<br>Historically [[Arabic script]] ([[Jawi alphabet|Jawi]])<ref name=fsa>{{Cite book | author = Frederik Sigismund Alexander de Clercq | title = Bijdragen tot de kennis der residentie Ternate | language = nl | publisher = E.J. Brill | year = 1890 | pages = 193 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=IxMVAAAAIAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ternatantidorese | title = Ternatan/Tidorese - Dictionary definition of Ternatan/Tidorese | publisher = encyclopedia.com | language = en}}</ref><ref name="filologi">{{citation |first = Oman |last = Fathurahman |title = Filologi Indonesia Teori dan Metode |year = 2015 |access-date = 2022-09-07 |___location = Jakarta |isbn = 978-623-218-153-3 |oclc = 1001307264 |page = 128 |publisher = Prenada Media |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=8GMCEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA128 |language = id}}</ref>
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'''Ternate''' is a language of northern [[Maluku Islands|Maluku]], eastern [[Indonesia]]. It is spoken by the {{interlanguage link
Due to the historical role of the [[Sultanate of Ternate|Ternate Sultanate]], Ternate influence is present in many languages of eastern Indonesia. Borrowings from Ternate extend beyond the Maluku Islands, reaching the regions of central and northern [[Sulawesi]].<ref>{{Cite book | first = F.S. | last = Watuseke | chapter = The Ternate Language | translator-first = Clemens L. | translator-last = Voorhoeve | editor-first = Tom | editor-last = Dutton | title = Papers in Papuan Linguistics No. 1 | series = Pacific Linguistics A-73 | year = 1991 | pages = 223–244 | url = https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/145736/1/PL-A73.pdf | ___location = Canberra | publisher = Department of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University | isbn = 0-85883-393-X | doi = 10.15144/PL-A73.223 | oclc = 24406501 | language = en }}</ref> Languages such as [[Taba language|Taba]] and [[West Makian language|West Makian]] have borrowed much of their polite lexicons from Ternate,<ref>{{cite book| first = C.L. | last = Voorhoeve |author-link = Clemens L. Voorhoeve | chapter = The West Makian language, North Moluccas, Indonesia: a fieldwork report | editor-first = C.L. | editor-last = Voorhoeve | title = The Makian languages and their neighbours | url = https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/144389/1/PL-D46.pdf | year = 1982 | isbn = 0858832771 |___location = Canberra | publisher = Department of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University | doi = 10.15144/PL-D46.1 | oclc = 12421689 | page= 47 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | editor-first = K. Alexander | editor-last = Adelaar | editor-first2 = Nikolaus P. |editor-last2 = Himmelmann | title = The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar | first = John | last = Bowden | chapter = Taba | year = 2005 | isbn = 978-0-203-82112-1 | ___location= Abingdon/New York | publisher = Routledge | oclc = 53814161 | doi = 10.4324/9780203821121 | page = 770 }}</ref> while the languages of northern Sulawesi have incorporated many Ternate vocabulary items related to kingship and administration.<ref>{{Cite book | chapter = The North Sulawesi microgroups: In search of higher level connections | first = J.N.|last = Sneddon | editor-first = J.N.|editor-last=Sneddon | title = Studies in Sulawesi Linguistics I | year = 1989 | publisher = Badan Penyelenggara Seri NUSA | page = 92 |___location = Jakarta | chapter-url = http://sealang.net/archives/nusa/pdf/nusa-v31-p83-107.pdf}}</ref> The language has been a source of lexical and grammatical borrowing for [[North Moluccan Malay]], the local variant of Malay, which has given rise to other eastern Indonesian offshoots of Malay, such as [[Manado Malay]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Taylor |first=Paul Michael |title=F.S.A. de Clercq's ''Ternate: The Residency and its Sultanate'' |date=1999 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution Libraries |edition=Smithsonian Institution Libraries digital |page=7 |language=en |chapter=Introduction |chapter-url=http://www.sil.si.edu/DigitalCollections/anthropology/ternate/introduction.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=Allen |first1=Robert B. |chapter=Orientation in the Spice Islands
== Location and use ==
It is geographically widespread. It is spoken on the island of Ternate as well as elsewhere in the North Maluku province, with Ternate communities inhabiting the western coast of [[Halmahera]], [[Mount Hiri|Hiri]], [[Obi Islands|Obi]], [[Kayoa]], and the [[Bacan Islands]].<ref name="pcd">{{Citation | first = C.L. |last = Voorhoeve |author-link = Clemens L. Voorhoeve | title = Papers in New Guinea linguistics. No. 26 | date = 1988 | isbn = 0-85883-370-0 | ___location = Canberra | publisher = Department of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University | oclc = 220535054 | pages = 181–209 | doi = 10.15144/PL-A76.181 | chapter = The languages of the North Halmaheran stock | series = Pacific Linguistics A-76 | chapter-url = }}</ref><ref name="LeBarAppell">{{Citation |editor-first = George N. |editor-last = Appell |first = E.K.M. |last = Masinambow |chapter = Ternatans |title = Ethnic Groups of Insular Southeast Asia |volume = 1: Indonesia, Andaman Islands, and Madagascar |year = 1972 |isbn = 978-0-87536-403-2 |publisher = Human Relations Area Files Press |page = 120 |oclc = 650009 |___location = New Haven |chapter-url = }}</ref> Historically, Ternate served as the primary language of the [[Sultanate of Ternate]], famous for its role in the [[spice trade]]. It has established itself as a [[lingua franca]] of the North Maluku region.<ref name="bigenc"/><ref>{{citation |first = Iem |last = Brown |editor-first1 = Iem |editor-last1 = Brown |title = The Territories of Indonesia |chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=lfPJAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA175 |chapter = Maluku Islands and Papua (North Maluku) |pages = 175–182 |date = 2009 |isbn = 978-1-135-35541-8 |oclc = 881430426 |___location = London–New York |publisher = Routledge |doi=10.4324/9780203403013}}</ref>
This language should be distinguished from [[North Moluccan Malay|Ternate Malay]] (North Moluccan Malay), a local [[Malay-based creole languages|Malay-based creole]] which it has heavily influenced. Ternate serves as the first language of ethnic Ternateans, mainly in the rural areas, while Ternate Malay is nowadays used as a means of interethnic and trade communication, particularly in the urban part of the island.<ref name=lb/><ref>{{Cite web | last = Litamahuputty | first = Betty | title = Description of Ternate Malay | publisher = [[Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology]], [[Jakarta]] station | date = March 10, 2007 | url = http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/jakarta/ternate.php | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070610225430/http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/jakarta/ternate.php | archive-date = June 10, 2007 }}</ref> More recently, there has been a [[language shift]] from Ternate towards Malay.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mahdi Ahmad |last2=Sumarlam Sumarlam |last3=Djatmika Djatmika |last4=Sri Marmanto |title=Pemertahanan bahasa Ternate pada masyarakat multilingual |journal=Prasasti: Conference Series |date=13 August 2016 |url=https://jurnal.uns.ac.id/prosidingprasasti/article/view/1574 |language=id |pages=466–473 |doi=10.20961/pras.v0i0.1574|doi-broken-date=31 January 2024 }}</ref><ref name="JurnalEtnohistori">{{Citation |first1 = Farida |last1 = Maricar |first2 = Ety |last2 = Duwila |title = Vitalitas bahasa Ternate di Pulau Ternate |date = 2017 |journal = Jurnal Etnohistori: Jurnal Ilmiah Kebudayaan Dan Kesejarahan |volume = 4 |number = 2 |pages = 136–151 |url = https://ejournal.unkhair.ac.id/index.php/etnohis/article/view/1003 |language = id |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200903152910/https://ejournal.unkhair.ac.id/index.php/etnohis/article/view/1003 |archive-date = 2020-09-03 }}</ref> It can be assumed that its role as a lingua franca has greatly waned.<ref name="pcd" /> While the Ternate people are scattered all over eastern Indonesia,<ref name="bigenc">{{Cite web |title=ТЕРНАТАНЦЫ |url=https://bigenc.ru/ethnology/text/4189519 |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=Большая российская энциклопедия
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! colspan=2| [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
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! rowspan=2| [[Stop consonant|Plosive]]/[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
! <small>[[voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
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! <small>[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
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! [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! <small>[[voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
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! rowspan=2| [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
! <small>[[central consonant|central]]</small>
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! <smalL>[[Lateral consonant|lateral]]</small>
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! colspan=2| [[Flap consonant|Flap]]
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! colspan=2| [[High vowel|High]]
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! colspan=2| [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
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! colspan=2| [[Low vowel|Low]]
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