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HITL is almost never used for "hardware-in-the-loop" but rather is overwhelmingly more accepted as "human-in-the-loop". |
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=== Automotive systems ===
In context of automotive applications "Hardware-in-the-loop simulation systems provide such a virtual vehicle for systems validation and verification."<ref> N. KalantaryArdebily, "Design and development of a hardware-in-the-loop test platform for powertrain", master’s thesis, 2018.</ref> <ref name=powertrain>S.Raman, N. Sivashankar, W. Milam, W. Stuart, and S. Nabi, "Design and Implementation of HIL Simulators for Powertrain Control System Software Development", ''Proceedings of the American Control Conference'',1999.</ref> Since in-vehicle driving tests for evaluating performance and diagnostic functionalities of [[Engine Control Unit|Engine Management Systems]] are often time-consuming, expensive and not reproducible, HIL simulators allow developers to validate new hardware and software automotive solutions, respecting quality requirements and [[time-to-market]] restrictions. In a typical HIL Simulator, a dedicated real-time processor executes mathematical models which emulate engine dynamics. In addition, an [[I/O]] unit allows the connection of vehicle [[sensors]] and [[actuators]] (which usually present high degree of non-linearity). Finally, the [[Electronic Control Unit]] (ECU) under test is connected to the system and stimulated by a set of vehicle maneuvers executed by the simulator. At this point, HIL simulation also offers a high degree of repeatability during testing phase.
In the literature, several HIL specific applications are reported and simplified HIL simulators were built according to some specific purpose.<ref name=brake/><ref>A. Cebi, L. Guvenc, M. Demirci, C. Karadeniz, K. Kanar, and E. Guraslan, "A low cost, portable engine electronic control unit hardware-in-the-loop test system", ''Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics'', 2005.</ref><ref>J. Du, Y. Wang, C. Yang, and H. Wang, "Hardware-in-the-loop simulation approach to testing controller of sequential turbocharging system", ''Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Automation and Logistics'', 2007.</ref> When testing a new ECU software release for example, experiments can be performed in open loop and therefore several engine dynamic models are no longer required. The strategy is restricted to the analysis of ECU outputs when excited by controlled inputs. In this case, a Micro HIL system (MHIL) offers a simpler and more economic solution.<ref name=palladino>A. Palladino, G. Fiengo, F. Giovagnini, and D. Lanzo, "A Micro Hardware-In-the-Loop Test System", ''IEEE European Control Conference'', 2009.</ref> Since complexity of models processing is dumped, a full-size HIL system is reduced into a portable device composed of a signal generator, an [[I/O]] board, and a console containing the actuators (external loads) to be connected to the ECU.
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