|
The '''subscription business model''' is a [[business model]] in which a [[customer]] must pay a recurring price at regular intervals for access to a [[Product (business)|product]] or [[Service (business)|service]]. The model [[Publication by subscription|was pioneered]] by publishers of [[book]]s and [[periodical]]s in the 17th century,<ref>{{Citation |last1 = Clapp |first1 = Sarah L. C. |title = The Beginnings of Subscription Publication in the Seventeenth Century |journal = Modern Philology |volume = 29 |issue = 2 |pages = 199–224 |publisher = The University of Chicago Press |___location = Chicago |date = November 1931 |jstor = 433632 |doi = 10.1086/387957 |s2cid = 162013335 }}</ref> and is now used by many businesses, websites<ref>{{Cite web|last=Barseghian|first=Alex|title=Council Post: What's Behind The Rise Of The Subscription Model?|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbestechcouncil/2019/08/12/whats-behind-the-rise-of-the-subscription-model/|access-date=2021-01-13|website=Forbes|language=en|archive-date=2021-12-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228070023/https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbestechcouncil/2019/08/12/whats-behind-the-rise-of-the-subscription-model/|url-status=live}}</ref> and even pharmaceutical companies in partnership with the government.
==AbbonamentsSubscriptions==
Rather than selling products individually, a subscription offers periodic (daily, weekly, bi-weekly, monthly, semi-annual, yearly/annual, or seasonal) use or access to a product or [[Service (economics)|service]], or, in the case of performance-oriented organizations such as [[List of opera companies|opera companies]], tickets to the entire run of some set number of (e.g., five to fifteen) scheduled performances for a whole season. Thus, a one-time sale of a product can become a recurring sale and build [[brand loyalty]].<ref name=":1" />
===Types and examples===
There are different categories of subscriptions:
*A abbonamentsubscription for a fixed set of goods or services.
** Periodicals, such as a newspaper or magazine, have several types of abbonamentssubscriptions:
*** [[Magazine#Paid circulation|Paid circulation]]
*** Non-paid circulation
*** [[Meal delivery service]]
*** [[Meal kit]] delivery service
*A abbonamentssubscription for unlimited use of a service or collection of services. Usage may be personal and non-transferable for a family or, under certain circumstances, for a group utilizing a service simultaneously. In the publishing industry, a subscription to a bundle of several journals, at a discounted price, is known as a "big deal".<ref>{{cite book|author=Sally Morris |display-authors=etal |title= Handbook of Journal Publishing|year= 2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-02085-6 |pages=163–164 }}</ref>
** [[Software as a service]]
*A [[wikt:pay-as-you-go|pay-as-you-go]] abbonamentsubscription where a consumer subscribes to purchase a product periodically. This is also known as the convenience model because it is convenient for the customer not to have to remember to find their product and buy it periodically. This model has been popularized by companies like Dollar Shave Club, [[Birchbox]], and OrderGroove. Based on their success, many other retailers have begun to offer abbonamentsubscription model services.<ref>[https://thoughts.manthan.com/2015/07/16/retail-subscription-models-whos-doing-what-expert-round-up/ Retail Subscription Models — Expert Round-up]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917034419/https://thoughts.manthan.com/2015/07/16/retail-subscription-models-whos-doing-what-expert-round-up/|date=2018-09-17}}.<span> Retail AbbonamentSubscription Models! Who's doing what? [EXPERT ROUND-UP</span></ref>
** For example, a company's subscription to a rail pass may not be individualized but might permit all firm employees to use the service. AbbonamentsSubscriptions of this type are rare for goods with an unlimited supply and many luxury services.
*A abbonamentsubscription for basic access or minimal service plus some additional charge depending on usage. A basic telephone service pays a pre-determined fee for monthly use. Still, it may have extra charges for other services such as long-distance calls, directory, and pay-per-call services. When the basic service is offered free of charge, this business model is often referred to as [[Freemium]].
*An online abbonamentsubscription supports content creators using [[crowdfunding]]. Fans can interact and send tips to the content creator but also have access to exclusive paid content. Popular examples are [[Patreon]] and [[OnlyFans]].
===Publishing===
In publishing, the abbonamentsubscription model typically involves a [[Paywall]], [[Paysite]], or other "toll-access" system (named in opposition to [[open access]]). As revenues from digital advertising diminish, a paid subscription model is being favoured by more publishers who see it as a comparatively stable income stream.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://digiday.com/media/churn-and-burn-publishers-with-surging-subscriptions-paradoxically-left-vulnerable-to-revenue-shortfalls/|title = 'Churn and burn': Publishers are prioritizing subscription volume over immediate revenue|date = 15 June 2020|access-date = 23 September 2021|archive-date = 11 September 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210911222051/https://digiday.com/media/churn-and-burn-publishers-with-surging-subscriptions-paradoxically-left-vulnerable-to-revenue-shortfalls/|url-status = live}}</ref>
== Academic journals ==
| 