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corrected a few grammatical/phrasing issues, added further information on medical intervention and non-invasive procedures Tags: references removed Visual edit |
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=== Invasive extraction ===
Non-invasive [[prenatal testing]] can be used if the mother is RhD-.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Saramago P, Yang H, Llewellyn A, Walker R, Harden M, Palmer S, Griffin S, Simmonds M | title = High-throughput non-invasive prenatal testing for fetal rhesus D status in RhD-negative women not known to be sensitised to the RhD antigen: a systematic review and economic evaluation | journal = Health Technology Assessment | volume = 22 | issue = 13 | pages = 1–172 | date = March 2018 | pmid = 29580376 | pmc = 5890172 | doi = 10.3310/hta22130 }}</ref> However, in the case of maternal RhD status being negative, invasive prenatal testing may be used to determine the foetal RhD status instead. The two most common invasive methods of extracting foetal DNA are [[chorionic villus sampling]] (CVS) and [[amniocentesis]] (AMC).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Carlson LM, Vora NL | title = Prenatal Diagnosis: Screening and Diagnostic Tools | journal = Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America | volume = 44 | issue = 2 | pages = 245–256 | date = June 2017 | pmid = 28499534 | pmc = 5548328 | doi = 10.1016/j.ogc.2017.02.004 }}</ref> These invasive procedures can be conducted on both RhD+ and RhD- mothers. After the invasive procedure, medications that prevent the Rh [[Immunization|immunisation]] are usually prescribed to RhD- mothers.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Crowther|first1=Caroline A.|last2=Middleton|first2=Philippa|last3=McBain|first3=Rosemary D.|editor1-first=Caroline A|editor1-last=Crowther|date=2013-02-28|title=Anti-D administration in pregnancy for preventing Rhesus alloimmunisation|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|issue=2|pages=CD000020|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD000020.pub2|issn=1469-493X|pmid=23450526|hdl=2292/42261|hdl-access=free}}</ref> This is done to avoid the production of maternal anti-D [[Antibody|antibodies]] which may attack the foetal blood cells should the foetus be Rh incompatible with the mother.<ref name="Mechanisms of anti-D action in the">{{cite journal | vauthors = Brinc D, Lazarus AH | title = Mechanisms of anti-D action in the prevention of hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn | journal = Hematology. American Society of Hematology. Education Program | volume = 2009 | pages = 185–91 | date = 2009 | pmid = 20008198 | doi = 10.1182/asheducation-2009.1.185 | s2cid = 6399415 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
==== Chorionic villus sampling ====
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