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Another challenge for pilots who are forced to fly an aircraft without functioning control surfaces is to avoid the [[phugoid]] instability mode (a cycle in which the aircraft repeatedly climbs and then dives), which requires careful use of the throttle.
Because this type of aircraft control is difficult for humans to achieve, researchers have attempted to integrate this control ability into the computers of [[fly-by-wire]] aircraft. Early attempts to add the ability to real aircraft were not very successful, the software having been based on experiments conducted in flight simulators where jet engines are usually modelled as "perfect" devices with exactly the same thrust on each engine, a linear relationship between throttle setting and thrust, and instantaneous response to input. More modern computer systems have been updated to account for these factors, and aircraft have been successfully flown with this software installed.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/history/pastprojects/Active/index.html| publisher=NASA| work=Past Research Projects| title=Active Home Page| access-date=2006-06-01| archive-date=September 30, 2006| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060930191203/http://www1.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/history/pastprojects/Active/index.html| url-status=dead}}</ref> However, it remains a rarity on commercial aircraft.
==Accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft==
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