String theory: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 16:36, 22 April 2024

Revision as of 18:49, 24 April 2024

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== M-theory ==

{{main|M-theory}}

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The AdS/CFT correspondence has also been used to study aspects of condensed matter physics. Over the decades, [[experimental physics|experimental]] condensed matter physicists have discovered a number of exotic states of matter, including [[superconductors]] and [[superfluids]]. These states are described using the formalism of quantum field theory, but some phenomena are difficult to explain using standard field theoretic techniques. Some condensed matter theorists including [[Subir Sachdev]] hope that the AdS/CFT correspondence will make it possible to describe these systems in the language of string theory and learn more about their behavior.<ref name="Merali 2011"/>

So far some success has been achieved in using string theory methods to describe the transition of a superfluid to an [[insulator (electricity)|insulator]]. A superfluid is a system of [[electrically neutral]] [[atoms]] that flows without any [[friction]]. Such systems are often produced in the laboratory using [[liquid helium]], but recently experimentalists have developed new ways of producing artificial superfluids by pouring trillions of cold atoms into a lattice of criss-crossing [[lasers]]. These atoms initially behave as a superfluid, but as experimentalists increase the intensity of the lasers, they become less mobile and then suddenly transition to an insulating state. During the transition, the atoms behave in an unusual way. For example, the atoms slow to a halt at a rate that depends on the [[temperature]] and on the [[Planck's constant]], the fundamental parameter of quantum mechanics, which does not enter into the description of the other [[phase (matter)|phases]]. This behavior has recently been understood by considering a dual description where properties of the fluid are described in terms of a higher dimensional black hole.<ref name=Sachdev/>

== Phenomenology ==

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<ref name=Lian1997>{{cite journal |last1=Lian |first1=Bong |last2=Liu |first2=Kefeng |last3=Yau |first3=Shing-Tung |year=1997 |title=Mirror principle, I |journal=Asian Journal of Mathematics |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=729–763|bibcode=1997alg.geom.12011L |arxiv=alg-geom/9712011 |doi=10.4310/ajm.1997.v1.n4.a5|s2cid=8035522 }}</ref>

<ref name=Lian1999>{{cite journal |last1=Lian |first1=Bong |last2=Liu |first2=Kefeng |last3=Yau |first3=Shing-Tung |year=1999a |title=Mirror principle, II |journal=Asian Journal of Mathematics |volume=3 |pages=109–146|bibcode=1999math......5006L |arxiv=math/9905006 |doi=10.4310/ajm.1999.v3.n1.a6|s2cid=17837291 }}<{{br>}}

{{cite journal |last1=Lian |first1=Bong |last2=Liu |first2=Kefeng |last3=Yau |first3=Shing-Tung |year=1999b |title=Mirror principle, III |journal=Asian Journal of Mathematics |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=771–800|bibcode=1999math.....12038L |arxiv=math/9912038 |doi=10.4310/ajm.1999.v3.n4.a4}}</ref>

<ref name=Lian2000>{{cite journal |last1=Lian |first1=Bong |last2=Liu |first2=Kefeng |last3=Yau |first3=Shing-Tung |year=2000 |title=Mirror principle, IV |journal=Surveys in Differential Geometry |pages=475–496|bibcode=2000math......7104L |arxiv=math/0007104 |doi=10.4310/sdg.2002.v7.n1.a15 |volume=7|s2cid=1099024 }}</ref>

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<ref name=Sen1994a>{{cite journal |last1=Sen |first1=Ashoke |date=1994 |title=Strong-weak coupling duality in four-dimensional string theory |journal=International Journal of Modern Physics A |volume=9 |issue=21 |pages=3707–3750 |bibcode=1994IJMPA...9.3707S |doi=10.1142/S0217751X94001497 |arxiv = hep-th/9402002 |s2cid=16706816 }}</ref>

<ref name=Sen1994b>{{cite journal |last1=Sen |first1=Ashoke |date=1994 |title=Dyon-monopole bound states, self-dual harmonic forms on the multi-monopole moduli space, and {{math|''SL''(2,'''Z''')}} invariance in string theory |journal=Physics Letters B |volume=329 |issue=2 |pages=217–221 |doi=10.1016/0370-2693(94)90763-3|arxiv = hep-th/9402032 |bibcode = 1994PhLB..329..217S |s2cid=17534677 }}</ref>

<ref name=Strominger1998>{{cite journal |last1=Strominger |first1=Andrew |date=1998 |title=Black hole entropy from near-horizon microstates |journal=Journal of High Energy Physics |volume=1998 |issue=2 |doi=10.1088/1126-6708/1998/02/009|arxiv = hep-th/9712251 |bibcode = 1998JHEP...02..009S |page=009|s2cid=2044281 }}</ref>

<ref name="Strominger and Vafa 1996">{{cite journal |last1=Strominger |first1=Andrew |last2=Vafa |first2=Cumrun |date=1996 |title=Microscopic origin of the Bekenstein–Hawking entropy |journal=Physics Letters B |volume=379 |issue=1 |pages=99–104 |arxiv = hep-th/9601029 |bibcode = 1996PhLB..379...99S |doi = 10.1016/0370-2693(96)00345-0 |s2cid=1041890 }}</ref>

<ref name=SYZ>{{cite journal |last1=Strominger |first1=Andrew |last2=Yau |first2=Shing-Tung |last3=Zaslow |first3=Eric |year=1996 |title=Mirror symmetry is T-duality |journal=Nuclear Physics B |volume=479 |issue=1 |pages=243–259|arxiv = hep-th/9606040 |bibcode = 1996NuPhB.479..243S |doi = 10.1016/0550-3213(96)00434-8 |s2cid=14586676 }}</ref>

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<ref name=Witten1998>{{cite journal | last1=Witten| first1=Edward | title=Anti-de Sitter space and holography | journal=Advances in Theoretical and Mathematical Physics | volume=2 | issue=2 | year=1998 | pages=253–291 | arxiv=hep-th/9802150|bibcode = 1998AdTMP...2..253W | doi=10.4310/ATMP.1998.v2.n2.a2 | s2cid=10882387 }}</ref>

<ref name=Witten2007>{{cite arXiv | last1=Witten| first1=Edward | title=Three-dimensional gravity revisited | year=2007 |eprint=0706.3359 |class=hep-th }}</ref>

<ref name="Zee 2010">{{cite book |last=Zee |first=Anthony |title=Quantum Field Theory in a Nutshell |edition=2nd |date=2010 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-14034-6 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780691140346 |chapter=Parts V and VI}}</ref>

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{{Commons category}}

{{Wikiquote}}

'''; Websites''' :

* [http://www.math.columbia.edu/~woit/blog/ Not Even Wrong]—A blog critical of string theory

* [https://whystringtheory.com/ Why String Theory]—An introduction to string theory.

* [https://www.quantumfieldtheory.info/String_Topics_Summaries.pdf Pedagogic Aids to String Theory]—Introductory level overview of string theory plus aids to help understanding some of the more difficult concepts. For those who have studied quantum field theory from the author of Student Friendly Quantum Field Theory.

'''; Video''' :

* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2001/paralleluni.shtml bbc-horizon: parallel-uni] — 2002 feature documentary by [[Horizon (British TV series)|BBC Horizon]], episode [[Parallel Universes (film)|Parallel Universes]] focus on history and emergence of M-theory, and scientists involved.

* [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/physics/elegant-universe.html pbs.org-nova: elegant-uni] — 2003 [[Emmy Award]]-winning, three-hour miniseries by [[Nova (American TV program)|Nova]] with [[Brian Greene]], adapted from his [[The Elegant Universe]] (original [[PBS]] broadcast dates: October 28, 8–10 p.m. and November 4, 8–9 p.m., 2003).