|
== History ==
The ideaconcept of parallelParallel coordinatesCoordinates is often said to originate in 1885 withby thea French mathematician [[Philbert Maurice d'Ocagne]]<ref>Ocagne, M. (1885). Coordonnées Parallèles et Axiales: Méthode de transformation géométrique et procédé nouveau de calcul graphique déduits de la considération des coordonnées parallèlles. Gauthier-Villars. https://archive.org/details/coordonnesparal00ocaggoog }}</ref>. d'Ocagne sought a way to provide graphical calculation of mathematical functions using alignment diagrams called [[nomogram]]s which used parallel axes with different scales.
AFor example, a three-variable equation , for example, could be solved using three parallel axes, wheremarking known values could be marked on their scales, then drawing a line drawn between them, and with an unknown read onfrom itsthe scale at the point where the line intersects that scale. ▼who sought a way to provide graphic calculation of mathematical functions with alignment diagrams or [[nomogram]]s using parallel axes with different scales.
▲A three-variable equation, for example, could be solved using three parallel axes, where known values could be marked on their scales, a line drawn between them, and an unknown read on its scale at the point where the line intersects that scale.
The use of parallelParallel coordinatesCoordinates as a visualization technique to show data is also often said to have originated earlier with [[Henry Gannett]] in work preceding the Statistical Atlas of the United States
for the 1890 Census, for example his "General Summary, Showing the Rank of States, by Ratios, 1880", <ref name="hg">{{cite journal |first=Henry |last=Gannett |title=General Summary Showing the Rank of States by Ratios 1880 |url=https://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~32803~1152181}}</ref>
that shows the rank of 10 measures (population, occupations, wealth, manufacturing, agriculture, and so forth) on parallel axes connected by lines for each state.
where he showed rankings of crimes against persons by age along parallel axes, connecting the same crime across age groups.<ref>Friendly, M. (2022). The life and works of André-Michel Guerry, revisited. Sociological Spectrum, 42(4-6), 233–259. https://doi.org/10.1080/02732173.2022.2078450</ref>
TheyParallel wereCoordinates were popularised again 87 years later by [[Alfred Inselberg]]<ref name="pc">{{cite journal |first=Alfred |last=Inselberg |title=The Plane with Parallel Coordinates |journal=Visual Computer |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=69–91 |year=1985 |doi=10.1007/BF01898350 |s2cid=15933827 }}</ref> in 1985 and systematically developed as a coordinate system starting from 1977. Some important applications are in [[Traffic collision avoidance system|collision avoidance algorithms]] for [[air traffic control]] (1987—3 USA patents), [[data mining]] (USA patent), [[computer vision]] (USA patent), Optimization, [[process control]], more recently in [[Intrusion detection system|intrusion detection]] and elsewhere.
==Higher dimensions==
|
