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In [[software development]], the programming language [[Java (programming language)|Java]] was historically considered slower than the fastest [[Programming language generations|third-generation]] [[Type system|typed]] languages such as [[C (programming language)|C]] and [[C++]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.scribblethink.org/Computer/javaCbenchmark.html|title=Java versus C++ benchmarks}}</ref> In contrast to those languages, Java compiles by default to a [[Java Virtual Machine]] (JVM) with operations distinct from those of the actual computer hardware. Early JVM implementations were [[Interpreter (computing)|interpreters]]; they simulated the virtual operations one-by-one rather than translating them into [[machine code]] for direct hardware execution.
Since the late 1990s, the execution speed of Java programs improved significantly via introduction of [[just-in-time compilation]] (JIT) (in 1997 for [[Java version history|Java 1.1]]),<ref name="
| url=http://www.symantec.com/about/news/release/article.jsp?prid=19970407_03
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100628171748/http://www.symantec.com/about/news/release/article.jsp?prid=19970407_03
| url-status=dead
| archive-date=June 28, 2010
| title=Symantec's Just-In-Time Java Compiler To Be Integrated Into Sun JDK 1.1
}}</ref><ref name=cnet1998/><ref>{{cite web
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Apart from the improvements listed here, each release of Java introduced many performance improvements in the JVM and Java [[application programming interface]] (API).
JDK 1.1.6: First [[just-in-time compilation]] ([[NortonLifeLock|Symantec]]'s JIT-compiler)<ref name="
J2SE 1.2: Use of a [[Garbage collection (computer science)#Generational GC (aka Ephemeral GC)|generational collector]].
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