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Two commonly discussed general thresholds for risk to research participant are minimizing all risk after the infection and avoiding serious injury.<ref name="Binik 2020">{{cite journal |last1=Binik |first1=Ariella |title=What risks should be permissible in controlled human infection model studies? |journal=Bioethics |date=May 2020 |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=420–430 |doi=10.1111/bioe.12736|pmid=32115747 |s2cid=211727412 }}</ref> Researchers typically customize other thresholds for each clinical trial.<ref name="Binik 2020"/>
People who participate in human challenge studies might be more altruistic in general than others, including possibly more likely to contribute to their communities in other ways, such as donating blood.<ref name="Marsh 2022">{{cite journal |last1=Marsh |first1=Abigail A. |last2=Magalhaes |first2=Monica |last3=Peeler |first3=Matthew |last4=Rose |first4=Sophie M. |last5=Darton |first5=Thomas C. |last6=Eyal |first6=Nir |last7=Morrison |first7=Josh |last8=Shah |first8=Seema K. |last9=Schmit |first9=Virginia |title=Characterizing altruistic motivation in potential volunteers for SARS-CoV-2 challenge trials |journal=PLOS ONE |date=2 November 2022 |volume=17 |issue=11 |pages=e0275823 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0275823 |url=https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0275823 |access-date=1 May 2024}}</ref>
==Vaccines for infections==
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