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The source previously listed, "Artificial Intelligence : A Modern Approach 4th Edition", page 24 ( {{sfn|Russell|Norvig|2021|p=24}} ) does not contain this claim. It only talks about AGI on page 32, in the context of the mid 2000s. It mentions on page 24 that companies failed to deliver on extravagant promises, but makes no claim on the specific promises or whether these were made by researchers or marketing/sales representatives. |
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An important early symbolic AI program was the [[Logic theorist]], written by [[Allen Newell]], [[Herbert A. Simon|Herbert Simon]] and [[Cliff Shaw]] in 1955–56, as it was able to prove 38 elementary theorems from Whitehead and Russell's [[Principia Mathematica]]. Newell, Simon, and Shaw later generalized this work to create a ___domain-independent problem solver, [[General Problem Solver|GPS]] (General Problem Solver). GPS solved problems represented with formal operators via state-space search using [[means-ends analysis]].{{sfn|Newell|Simon|1972}}
During the 1960s, symbolic approaches achieved great success at simulating intelligent behavior in structured environments such as game-playing, symbolic mathematics, and theorem-proving. AI research was
[[Herbert A. Simon|Herbert Simon]] and [[Allen Newell]] studied human problem-solving skills and attempted to formalize them, and their work laid the foundations of the field of artificial intelligence, as well as [[cognitive science]], [[operations research]] and [[management science]]. Their research team used the results of [[psychology|psychological]] experiments to develop programs that simulated the techniques that people used to solve problems.{{sfn||McCorduck|2004|pp=139–179, 245–250, 322–323 (EPAM)}}{{sfn|Crevier|1993|pp=145–149}} This tradition, centered at Carnegie Mellon University would eventually culminate in the development of the [[Soar (cognitive architecture)|Soar]] architecture in the middle 1980s.{{sfn|McCorduck|2004|pp=450–451}}{{sfn|Crevier|1993|pp=258–263}}
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