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== Impetus for a system and history ==
{{for|more examples|Category:Mid-air collisions}}
Research into collision avoidance systems has been ongoing since at least the 1950s, and the airline industry has been working with the [[Air Transport Association of America]] (ATA) since 1955 toward a collision avoidance system. [[ICAO]] and aviation authorities such as the [[Federal Aviation Administration]] (FAA) were spurred into action by the [[1956 Grand Canyon mid-air collision]].<ref name=TCAS71>[http://www.faa.gov/documentLibrary/media/Advisory_Circular/TCAS%20II%20V7.1%20Intro%20booklet.pdf Introduction to TCAS II Version 7.1]</ref>
Although [[Air traffic control radar beacon system|ATCRBS]] airborne transponders were available, it wasn't until the mid-1970s that research focused on using their signals as the cooperative element for a collision avoidance system. This technical approach enabled an independent collision avoidance capability on the flight deck, separate from the ground system. In 1981, the FAA decided to implement the Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS), which was developed based on industry and agency efforts in the field of beacon-based collision avoidance systems and air-to-air discrete address communication techniques that used Mode S airborne transponder message formats.<ref name="20-151B">{{citation|title=20-151B – Airworthiness Approval of Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance Systems (TCAS II), Versions 7.0 & 7.1 and Associated Mode S Transponders|date=March 18, 2014|url=https://www.faa.gov/documentlibrary/media/advisory_circular/ac_20-151b.pdf|page=C1|publisher=faa.gov|access-date=October 13, 2018}}</ref>
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