Content deleted Content added
m link contrast agent |
per WP:HEAD, simplify section headings, sentence case; reorganized |
||
Line 17:
In humans, the method is widely used to administer [[chemotherapy]] drugs to treat some [[cancer]]s, particularly [[ovarian cancer]]. Although controversial, intraperitoneal use in ovarian cancer has been recommended as a [[standard of care]].<ref name="pmid18006894">{{cite journal|vauthors=Swart AM, Burdett S, Ledermann J, Mook P, Parmar MK|date=April 2008|title=Why i.p. therapy cannot yet be considered as a standard of care for the first-line treatment of ovarian cancer: a systematic review|journal=Ann. Oncol.|volume=19|issue=4|pages=688–95|doi=10.1093/annonc/mdm518|pmid=18006894|doi-access=free}}</ref> Fluids are injected intraperitoneally in infants, also used for [[peritoneal dialysis]].{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}
Intraperitoneal injections are a way to administer therapeutics and drugs through a peritoneal route (body cavity). They are one of the few ways drugs can be administered through injection, and have uses in research involving animals, drug administration to treat ovarian cancers, and much more. Understanding when intraperitoneal injections can be utilized and in what applications is beneficial to advance current drug delivery methods and provide avenues for further research. The benefit of administering drugs intraperitoneally is the ability for the peritoneal cavity to absorb large amounts of a drug quickly. A disadvantage of using intraperitoneal injections is that they can have a large variability in effectiveness and misinjection.<ref name="Laferriere Pang">{{cite journal |last1=Laferriere |first1=C.A. |last2=Pang |first2=D.S. |title=Review of intraperitoneal injection of sodium pentobarbital as a method of euthanasia in laboratory rodents |journal=Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science |date=2020 |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=254–263 |doi=10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-19-000081|pmid=32156325 |pmc=7210732 }}</ref> Intraperitoneal injections can be similar to oral administration in that hepatic metabolism could occur in both.
==
There are few accounts of the use of intraperitoneal injections prior to 1970. One of the earliest recorded uses of IP injections involved the insemination of a guinea-pig in 1957.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rowlands |first1=I.W. |title=Insemination of the Guinea-pig by Intraperitoneal Injection |journal=Journal of Endocrinology |date=1957 |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=98–106 |doi=10.1677/joe.0.0160098|pmid=13491738 }}</ref> The study however did not find an increase in conception rate when compared to mating. In that same year, a study injected egg whites intraperitoneally into rats to study changes in "droplet" fractions in kidney cells. The study showed that the number of small droplets decreased after administration of the egg whites, indicating that they have been changed to large droplets.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Straus |first1=Werner |title=Changes in "droplet" fractions from rat kidney cells after intraperitoneal injection of egg white |journal=J Biophys Biochem Cytol |date=1957 |volume=3 |issue=6 |pages=933–947 |doi=10.1083/jcb.3.6.933|pmid=13481027 |pmc=2224142 }}</ref> In 1964, a study delivered chemical agents such as acetic acid, bradykinin, and kaolin to mice intraperitoneally in order to study a "squirming" response.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Whittle |first1=Brian A. |title=Release of a kinin by intraperitoneal injection of chemical agents in mice |journal=International Journal of Neuropharmacology |date=1964 |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=369–IN1 |doi=10.1016/0028-3908(64)90066-8|pmid=14334868 }}</ref> In 1967, the production of amnesia was studied through an injection of physostigmine.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hamburg |first1=M.D. |title=Retrograde Amnesia Produced by Intraperitoneal Injection of Physostigmine |journal=Science |date=1967 |volume=156 |issue=3777 |pages=973–974 |doi=10.1126/science.156.3777.973|pmid=6067162 |bibcode=1967Sci...156..973H |s2cid=46029262 }}</ref> In 1968, melatonin was delivered to rats intraperitoneally in order to study how brain [[serotonin]] would be affected in the midbrain.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Anton-Tay |first1=F. |last2=Chou |first2=C. |last3=Anton |first3=S. |last4=Wurtman |first4=R.J. |title=Brain Serotonin Concentration: Elevation Following Intraperitoneal Administration of Melatonin |journal=Science |date=1968 |volume=162 |issue=3850 |pages=277–278 |doi=10.1126/science.162.3850.277 |jstor=1725071|pmid=5675470 |bibcode=1968Sci...162..277A |s2cid=6484761 }}</ref> In 1969, errors depending on a variety of techniques of administering IP injections were analyzed, and a 12% error in placement was found when using a one-man procedure versus a 1.2% error when using a two-man procedure.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Arioli |first1=V. |last2=Rossi |first2=E. |title=Errors Related to Different Techniques of Intraperitoneal Injection in Mice |journal=Applied Microbiology |date=1969 |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=704–705 |doi=10.1128/am.19.4.704-705.1970|pmid=5418953 |pmc=376768 |s2cid=237231042 }}</ref>
Line 27 ⟶ 26:
These early uses of Intraperitoneal injections provide good examples of how the delivery method can be used, and provides a base for future studies on how to properly inject mice for research.
== Use in
Currently, there are a handful of drugs that are delivered through intraperitoneal injection for chemotherapy. They are mitomycin C, cisplatin, carboplatin, oxaliplatin, irinotecan, 5-fluorouracil, gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, doxorubicin, premetrexed, and melphalan.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bree |first1=Eelco de |last2=Michelakis |first2=Dimosthenis |last3=Stamatiou |first3=Dimitris |last4=Romanos |first4=John |last5=Zoras |first5=Odysseas |title=Pharmacological principles of intraperitoneal and bidirectional chemotherapy |journal=Pleura and Peritoneum |date=1 June 2017 |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=47–62 |doi=10.1515/pp-2017-0010|pmid=30911633 |pmc=6405033 |s2cid=79678140 }}</ref> There needs to be more research done to determine appropriate dosing and combinations of these drugs to advance intraperitoneal drug delivery.▼
There are few examples of the use of intraperitoneal injections in humans cited in literature because it is mainly used to study the effects of drugs in mice. The few examples that do exist pertain to the treatment of pancreatic/ovarian cancers and injections of other drugs in clinical trials. One study utilized IP injections to study pain in the abdomen after a hysterectomy when administering anesthetic continuously vs patient-controlled.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Perniola |first1=A |title=Postoperative pain after abdominal hysterectomy: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial comparing continuous infusion vs patient-controlled intraperitoneal injection of local anaesthetic |journal=British Journal of Anaesthesia |date=2014 |volume=112 |issue=2 |pages=328–336 |doi=10.1093/bja/aet345|pmid=24185607 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The results depicted that ketobemidone consumption was significantly lower when patients controlled anesthetic through IP. This led to the patients being able to be discharged earlier than when anesthesia was administered continuously. These findings could be advanced by studying how the route of injection affects the organs in the peritoneal cavity.
Line 41 ⟶ 42:
Overall, this section provides a few examples of the effects and uses of intraperitoneal injections in human patients. There are a variety of uses and possibilities for many more in the future with further research and approval.
== Use in
Intraperitoneal injections are the preferred method of administration in many experimental studies due to the quick onset of effects post injection. This allows researchers to observe the effects of a drug in a shorter period of time, and allows them to study the effects of drugs on multiple organs that are in the peritoneal cavity at once. In order to effectively administer drugs through IP injections, the stomach of the animal is exposed, and the injection is given in the lower abdomen. The most efficient method to inject small animals is a two-person method where one holds the rodent and the other person injects the rodent at about 10 to 20 degrees in mice and 20 to 45 degrees in rats. The holder retains the arms of the animal and tilts the head lower than the abdomen to create optimal space in the peritoneal cavity.<ref name="Laferriere Pang"/>
Line 59 ⟶ 60:
The provided examples show a variety of uses for intraperitoneal injections in animals for in vitro studies. Some of the examples depict situations where IP injections are not ideal, while others prove the advantageous uses if this delivery method. Overall, many studies utilize IP injections to deliver therapeutics to lab animals due to the efficiency of the administration route.
== References ==▼
▲Currently, there are a handful of drugs that are delivered through intraperitoneal injection for chemotherapy. They are mitomycin C, cisplatin, carboplatin, oxaliplatin, irinotecan, 5-fluorouracil, gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, doxorubicin, premetrexed, and melphalan.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bree |first1=Eelco de |last2=Michelakis |first2=Dimosthenis |last3=Stamatiou |first3=Dimitris |last4=Romanos |first4=John |last5=Zoras |first5=Odysseas |title=Pharmacological principles of intraperitoneal and bidirectional chemotherapy |journal=Pleura and Peritoneum |date=1 June 2017 |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=47–62 |doi=10.1515/pp-2017-0010|pmid=30911633 |pmc=6405033 |s2cid=79678140 }}</ref> There needs to be more research done to determine appropriate dosing and combinations of these drugs to advance intraperitoneal drug delivery.
▲==References==
{{reflist}}
| |||