Command and control: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 15:20, 28 August 2023

Revision as of 05:11, 24 May 2024

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{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}

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'''Command and control''' (abbr. C2) is a "set of organizational and technical attributes and processes ... [that] employs human, physical, and information resources to solve problems and accomplish missions" to achieve the goals of an organization or enterprise, according to a 2015 definition by military scientists [[Marius Vassiliou]], [[David S. Alberts]], and [[Jonathan R. Agre]].<ref>Vassiliou, Marius, David S. Alberts, and Jonathan R. Agre (2015). ''[https://www.crcpress.com/C2-Re-envisioned-The-Future-of-the-Enterprise/Vassiliou-Alberts-Agre/p/book/9781466595804 C2 Re-Envisioned: the Future of the Enterprise] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802135408/https://www.crcpress.com/C2-Re-envisioned-The-Future-of-the-Enterprise/Vassiliou-Alberts-Agre/p/book/9781466595804 |date=2 August 2019 }}''. CRC Press; New York; p. 1, {{ISBN|9781466595804}}.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Re-conceptualizing Command and Control |journal=Canadian Military Journal |date=Spring 2002 |pages=53–63 |volume=3 |number=1 |author1=Ross Pigeau |author2=Carol McCann |url=http://www.journal.forces.gc.ca/vo3/no1/doc/53-64-eng.pdf |access-date=1 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131120065217/http://www.journal.forces.gc.ca/vo3/no1/doc/53-64-eng.pdf |archive-date=20 November 2013 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The term often refers to a military system.

Versions of the United States Army [[List of United States Army Field Manuals|''Field Manual 3-0'']] circulated circa 1999 define C2 in a military organization as the exercise of [[authority]] and direction by a properly designated [[commanding officer]] over assigned and attached [[Armed forces|forces]] in the accomplishment of a [[Military operation|mission]].<ref>''para''&nbsp;5-2, [[List of United States Army Field Manuals#FM 3-0|United States Army Field Manual: FM&nbsp;3–0]]<br/>{{cite book |author=Headquarters, Department of the Army |author-link=United States Department of the Army#Headquarters, Department of the Army |title=FM&nbsp;3–0, Operations |date=14 June 2001 |place=Washington, DC |publisher=[[United States Government Printing Office|GPO]] |oclc=50597897 |url=http://155.217.58.58/cgi–bin/atdl.dll/fm/3-0/fm3-0.exe |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020219134603/http://155.217.58.58/cgi-bin/atdl.dll/fm/3-0/fm3-0.exe |archive-date=19 February 2002 |url-status=dead |format=PDF inside [[Zip (file format)|ZIP]]–[[Self-extracting archive|SFX]] |access-date=19 August 2013 }}<br/>[https://fas.org/irp/doddir/army/fm3-0.pdf Newer versions of FM 3-0] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304075453/http://fas.org/irp/doddir/army/fm3-0.pdf |date=4 March 2016 }} do not define ''Command and control'', even though they use the term extensively.</ref><ref>Builder, Carl H., Bankes, Steven C., Nordin, Richard, [https://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/2006/MR775.pdf "Command Concepts – A Theory Derived from the Practice of Command and Control"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002035632/http://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/2006/MR775.pdf |date=2 October 2012 }}, MR775, [[RAND]], {{ISBN|0-8330-2450-7}}, 1999</ref>

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The edition of the ''Dictionary'' "As Amended Through April 2010" elaborates, "Command and control functions are performed through an arrangement of personnel, equipment, communications, facilities, and procedures employed by a commander in planning, directing, coordinating, and controlling forces and [[Military operation|operations]] in the accomplishment of the mission."<ref name=JP12010>{{cite book|last1=Joint Chiefs of Staff (U.S.)|title=Joint Publication 1-02. Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms (As Amended Through 31 January 2011)|date=8 November 2010|entry=Command and Control|page=65|url=http://ra.defense.gov/Portals/56/Documents/rtm/jp1_02.pdf|access-date=3 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140918211120/http://ra.defense.gov/Portals/56/Documents/rtm/jp1_02.pdf|archive-date=18 September 2014|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> However, this sentence is missing from the "command and control" entry for the edition "As Amended Through 15 August 2014."<ref name=JP12014>{{cite book|last1=Joint Chiefs of Staff (U.S.)|title=Joint Publication 1-02. Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms (As Amended Through 15 August 2014)|date=8 November 2010|entry=Command and Control|page=44|url=http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/new_pubs/jp1_02.pdf|access-date=3 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140824034254/http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/new_pubs/jp1_02.pdf|archive-date=24 August 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Commanding officers are assisted in executing these tasks by specialized [[Staff (military)|staff officers]] and enlisted personnel. These ''military staff'' are a group of officers and enlisted personnel that provides a bi-directional [[information flow|flow of information]] between a [[Officer (armed forces)|commanding officer]] and subordinate [[military units]].<ref name="crumley90">{{cite book |last1=Crumley |first1=Lloyd M. |last2=Sherman |first2=Mitchell B. |title=Review of Command and Control Models and Theory |date=September 1990 |publisher=United States Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences |___location=Fort Leavenworth, KS |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA230105.pdf |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-date=19 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319213837/https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA230105.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

The purpose of a military staff is mainly that of providing accurate, timely information which by category represents information on which command decisions are based. The key application is that of decisions that effectively manage unit resources. While information flow toward the commander is a priority, information that is useful or contingent in nature is communicated to lower staffs and units.{{citation needed|date=March 2014}}

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* C5I – command, control, communications, computers, collaboration and intelligence

* C5I – command, control, communications, computers, cyber and intelligence (US Army)

* C6ISR – command, control, communications, computers, cyber-defense and combat systems and intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/936468/000093646820000016/lmtq4201910k.htm | title=The 2019 Annual Report of Lockheed Martin Corporation | publisher=the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission | date=February 7, 2020 | access-date=28 June 2020 | archive-date=28 June 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628204543/https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/936468/000093646820000016/lmtq4201910k.htm | url-status=live }}</ref>

* MDC2 - multi-___domain command and control

* NC2 − [[nuclear command and control]]