Bayesian estimation of templates in computational anatomy: Difference between revisions

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{{NumBlk|:|<math>
\frac{d}{dt} \phi_t = v_t \circ \phi_t , \ \phi_0 = id \ ; </math>|{{EquationRef|Lagrangian flow}}}}
with <math> v \doteq (v_1,v_2,v_3) </math> the vector fields on <math> {\mathbb R}^3 </math> termed the [[Lagrangian and Eulerian specification of the flow field|Eulerian]] velocity of the particles at position <math>\phi</math> of the flow. The vector fields are functions in a function space, modelled as a smooth [[Hilbert space|Hilbert]] space with the vector fields having 1-continuous derivative . For <math>v_t = \dot \phi_t \circ \phi_t^{-1}, t \in [0,1]</math>, with the inverse for the flow given by
 
{{NumBlk|:|<math>
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Flows were first introduced<ref>GE Christensen, RD Rabbitt, MI Miller, Deformable templates using large deformation kinematics, IEEE Trans Image Process. 1996;5(10):1435-47.</ref><ref>GE Christensen, SC Joshi, MI Miller, Volumetric transformation of brain anatomy
IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, 1997.</ref> for large deformations in image matching; <math>\dot \phi_t(x)</math> is the instantaneous velocity of particle <math>x</math> at time <math>t</math>. with the vector fields termed the Eulerian velocity of the particles at position of the flow. The modelling approach used in CA enforces a continuous differentiability condition on the vector fields by modelling the space of vector fields <math>(V, \| \cdot \|_V )</math> as a [[reproducing kernel Hilbert space]] (RKHS), with the norm defined by a 1-1, differential operator<math> A: V \rightarrow V^* </math>, Green's inverse <math>K = A^{-1}</math>. The norm according to <math> \| v\|_V^2 \doteq \int_X Av \cdot v dx , v \in V,
</math> where for <math> \sigma(v) \doteq Av \in V^*
</math> a generalized function or distribution, then <math> (\sigma\mid w)\doteq \int_{{\mathbb R}^3} \sum_i w_i(x) \sigma_i(dx)
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In the [[Computational anatomy#The random orbit model of computational anatomy|Bayesian random orbit model of computational anatomy]] the observed MRI images <math>I^{D_i}</math> are modelled as a conditionally Gaussian random field with mean field <math>\phi_i \cdot I</math>, with <math>\phi_i</math> a random unknown transformation of the template. The MAP estimation problem is to estimate the unknown template <math> I \in \mathcal{I}</math> given the observed MRI images.
 
Ma's procedure for dense imagery takes an initial hypertemplate <math> I_0 \in \mathcal{I} </math> as the starting point, and models the template in the orbit under the unknown to be estimated diffeomorphism <math> I \doteq \phi_0 \cdot I_0 </math>. The observables are modelled as conditional random fields, <math> I^{D_i} </math> a {{EquationNote|conditional-Gaussian}} random field with mean field <math> \phi_i \cdot I \doteq \phi_i \cdot \phi_0 \cdot I_0 </math>. The unknown variable to be estimated explicitly by MAP is the mapping of the hyper-template <math> \phi_0</math>, with the other mappings considered as nuisance or hidden variables which are integrated out via the Bayes procedure. This is accomplished using the [[expectation–maximization algorithm|expectation–maximization algorithm (EM) algorithm]].
 
The orbit-model is exploited by associating the unknown to be estimated flows to their log-coordinates <math>v_i,i=1,\dots</math> [[Computational anatomy#Riemannian exponential (geodesic positioning) and Riemannian logarithm (geodesic coordinates)|via the Riemannian geodesic log and exponential]] for [[computational anatomy]] the initial vector field in the tangent space at the identity so that <math> \mathrm{Exp}_\mathrm{id}(v_{i}) \doteq \phi_i </math>, with <math> \mathrm{Exp}_\mathrm{id}(v_{0}) </math> the mapping of the hyper-template.