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The program to purchase the new standardized handgun was designated the XM9 program. There were 85 criteria for handgun characteristics that must be met to satisfy the procurement requirements.<ref name="The Service Pistol Controversy" />
===XM9
There were 85 requirements for the new handgun. 72 of these were mandatory and 13 were optional.<ref>[http://www.thehighroad.org/archive/index.php/t-216558.html XM9/XM10 Trials]</ref>
Basic Requirements:
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The Air Force invited several makers to compete in this testing program.<ref name="The Service Pistol Controversy"/>
==The
A whole series of tests arranged by the Air Force included accuracy, environmental testing, and an endurance trail (sic) in which Mean Rounds Between Stoppages (MRBS) was tallied. Tests included exposure to high levels of dust, mud, extreme heat and cold, as well as human factors testing.
Human factors testing included the ability of shooters to fire accurately. There were three levels of shooters who fired these guns for accuracy.<ref name="The Service Pistol Controversy"/>
===First
The XM9 program name had not yet been assigned when these tests took place. The first round of these handgun tests occurred in 1979-1980 at Eglin AFB in Northern Florida.<ref>''Army R, D & A. Volume 22, Number 1;'' "JSSAP management committee[...] coordinated their service inputs. This study was {{sic|comprised |hide=y|of}} two principal parts, the first being the on-going Air Force Evaluation of handguns which was being conducted at Elgin Air Force Base, FL, in which various model 9mm pistols were evaluated against the M1911A1's and M15 .38 cal revolvers. The second part of the study considered a review of compliation of all existing historical reports and studies relative to pistols, hand-guns and their performance."</ref>
Of the nine{{CN|date=June 2024}} pistol types tested, two were submitted by [[Heckler & Koch]]: the [[Heckler & Koch P9|P9S]] and the [[Heckler & Koch VP70]]. The former carried the smallest magazine of all the pistols tested, while the VP70 boasted the highest capacity magazine.
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The existing standard M1911A1 and the Smith & Wesson M15 .38 Special handguns were also tested to compare to those which were submitted for comparison.<ref name="The Service Pistol Controversy"/>
==== Results of the
Six of the submitted firearms passed the test. The Beretta was announced as the clear winner, having exceeded the stated goals in several cases.
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===Second tests from 1981===
{{cleanup|reason=missing information, lacking citations|date=June 2024}}
==== Results of the
In February 1982 issued this statement; "The Army, in its role as Defense Department executive agent for 9mm handgun procurement, has cancelled the procurement. It was not possible to make an award because the submitted weapon samples substantially failed to meet the essential requirements contained in the procurement solicitation. The Department of Defense intends to reexamine its requirements for a new handgun."{{citation needed|reason=The speaker is not specified and the quote needs a source; it may be suspect. See the use of 'it's' instead of 'its'|date=July 2016}}
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<ref name="The Service Pistol Controversy"/>
=== Third
By November 1983, a new program was started, now under the XM9 name.<ref name=ThompsonXM9>Thompson (2011), Chapter: "Army Takes Charge"</ref> These later trials did not have all of the same pistols competing, as some had dropped out, and some were added to the competition.
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Controversy over these trials lead to the XM10 trials in spring of 1988. These trials were boycotted by most of the arms manufacturers that submitted their designs in prior trials, with the only entrants being the Beretta 92F, slightly improved Smith & Wesson 459 and [[Ruger]] submitting their new [[Ruger P85|P85]]. Both Ruger and Smith & Wesson designs failed the trial perimeters, resulting in Beretta winning again.<ref>{{cite book |last= Neville |first=Leigh |date= October 30, 2019 |title= Infantry Small Arms of the 21st Century: Guns of the World's Armies|url= https://www.google.fi/books/edition/Infantry_Small_Arms_of_the_21st_Century/ybcSEAAAQBAJ?hl=fi&gbpv=0|publisher= Pen & Sword Books |chapter=Chapter One: Combat Pistols|isbn=9781473896154}}</ref>
== JSSAP
=== 1979-1980 entries
*{{flagicon|ITA}}: [[Beretta]] of Italy entered their [[Beretta 92|Beretta 92S-1]], which would later be made into the 92F design. This emerged as the winner of the trials and would be eventually adopted as the [[Beretta M9]].
*{{flagicon|BEL}}: [[FN Herstal]] of Belgium submitted three separate designs, the [[FN HP-DA|Browning BDA]], the FN GP version of the [[Browning Hi-Power]] and the FN FA (Fast Action), a special double-action version of the Hi-Power.
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*{{flagicon|USA}}: [[Smith & Wesson]] of the United States submitted their [[Smith & Wesson 459]].
*{{flagicon|SPA}}: [[Star Bonifacio Echeverria|Star Bonifcacio Echevveria S.A.]] of Spain submitted their Star M28.
<ref name=ArmyRDA_V22>Army R, D & A. Volume 22, Number 1</ref>
===1984/XM9 entries===
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== Joint Combat Pistol ==
In the 2000s, a new joint service handgun was started, the [[Joint Combat Pistol]], which was the result of a merger of two earlier programs: the U.S. Army's Future Handgun System<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ground/fhs.htm|title=Future Handgun System (FHS)|first=John|last=Pike}}</ref> and [[United States Special Operations Command]]'s SOF Combat Pistol. However, the Army ultimately pulled out of the competition.
As a result of the [[Modular Handgun System]] trials, the [[SIG Sauer P320|Sig Sauer P320]] was selected as the new service pistol for the United States Armed Forces. The military designations are [[SIG Sauer M17|M17/M18]] for the full size and compact models respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bearingarms.com/bob-o/2015/07/01/top-three-contenders-u-s-militarys-xm17-modular-handgun-system-contract/|title=The Top Three Contenders For The U.S. Military's XM17 Modular Handgun System Contract - Bearing Arms - APX, Beretta, Detonics Defense, Modular Handgun System, P320 MHS, Sig Sauer, STI|date=1 July 2015}}</ref>
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