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===First test - USAF Eglin AFB Florida===
The XM9 program name had not yet been assigned when these tests took place. The first round of these handgun tests occurred in 1979-1980 at Eglin AFB in Northern Florida.<ref>''Army R, D & A. Volume 22, Number 1;'' "JSSAP management committee[...] coordinated their service inputs. This study was {{sic|comprised |hide=y|of}} two principal parts, the first being the on-going Air Force Evaluation of handguns which was being conducted at Elgin Air Force Base, FL, in which various model 9mm pistols were evaluated against the M1911A1's and M15 .38 cal revolvers. The second part of the study considered a review of
Eight pistols were entered into the competition:<ref name=ArmyRDA_V22>Army R, D & A. Volume 22, Number 1</ref>▼
Of the nine{{CN|date=June 2024}} pistol types tested, two were submitted by [[Heckler & Koch]]: the [[Heckler & Koch P9|P9S]] and the [[Heckler & Koch VP70]]. The former carried the smallest magazine of all the pistols tested, while the VP70 boasted the highest capacity magazine.▼
*{{flagicon|ITA}}: [[Beretta]] of Italy entered their [[Beretta 92|Beretta 92S-1]], which would later be made into the 92F design. This emerged as the winner of the trials and would be eventually adopted as the [[Beretta M9]].▼
*{{flagicon|BEL}}: [[FN Herstal]] of Belgium submitted three separate designs, the [[FN HP-DA|Browning BDA]], the FN GP version of the [[Browning Hi-Power]] and the FN FA (Fast Action), a special double-action version of the Hi-Power. ▼
*{{flagicon|USA}}: [[Colt's Manufacturing Company]] of the United States submitted the '''Colt SSP''' (stainless steel pistol), a [[9×19mm Parabellum]] variant of the Colt Model 1971, which was an earlier attempt to develop a new service pistol to replace the M1911, with some minor mechanical alterations made for the trials. Colt submitted 30 new SSPs out of a production run of around 50, but their pistol was not selected. One example is on display at the [[Aberdeen Proving Ground]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historicalfirearms.info/post/137778371814/colt-model-1971-in-1971-colt-unveiled-a-new-modern|title=- Colt Model 1971 In 1971 Colt unveiled a new modern...}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://world.guns.ru/handguns/hg/usa/colt-ssp-e.html|title=Modern Firearms - Colt SSP|date=22 October 2010}}</ref>▼
▲
*{{flagicon|USA}}: [[Smith & Wesson]] of the United States submitted their [[Smith & Wesson 459]].▼
*{{flagicon|SPA}}: [[Star Bonifacio Echeverria|Star Bonifcacio Echevveria S.A.]] of Spain submitted their [[Star M28]].▼
The existing standard M1911A1 and the Smith & Wesson M15 .38 Special handguns were also tested to compare to those which were submitted for comparison.<ref name="The Service Pistol Controversy"/>
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An unsupported rumor{{according to|date=December 2016}} was that the adverse dirty conditions test required 1000 rounds without failure although 800 would be acceptable. A claim was made{{by whom|date=December 2016}} that none of the firearms achieved even 600 rounds.
As a result of this there were threats of lawsuits by the makers{{examples|date=December 2016}} who felt defamed and worse a Congressional investigation.<ref name="The Service Pistol Controversy"/>
=== Third tests from 1983-1984 ===
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This time the Army required 30 handguns and spares for each submitted handgun design. The magazine capacity requirement was changed from 10 to 13. The price was now a fixed price requirement for a procurement of 220,000 pieces. These changed requirements caused the elimination of some handguns which has participated in the first trial.<ref name=ThompsonXM9/>
*{{flagicon|ITA}}: [[Beretta]] of Italy entered their [[Beretta M9|Beretta 92F]], which was an improvement of their previous entry, the Beretta 92S-1. This emerged as the winner of these trials as well, and would be eventually adopted as the [[Beretta M9]].▼
*{{flagicon|SWI}}: [[SIG Sauer]] (under the name SigArms) introduced their new pistol specifically designed for the trials, the [[SIG Sauer P226|P226]]. The P226 was the runner-up to the M9, as both were the only two to satisfactorily pass the trials. However, the P226 would ultimately not be chosen. In a later competition for a compact service pistol, SIG Sauer's P228 became the [[SIG Sauer P226#P228 .28M11.29|M11 pistol]].▼
*{{flagicon|AUT}}: [[Steyr]] of Austria submitted the [[Steyr GB]].▼
*{{flagicon|BEL}}: [[FN Herstal]] of Belgium gave up on the other two designs and submitted again their [[FN HP-DA|BDA]], a modified double-action version of the [[Browning Hi-Power]]. ▼
*{{flagicon|USA}}: [[Colt's Manufacturing Company]] of the United States submitted the '''Colt SSP''' (stainless steel pistol).▼
*{{flagicon|GER}}: [[Walther Arms|Walther]] of Germany submitted the [[Walther P88]].▼
*{{flagicon|GER}}: [[Heckler & Koch]], also of Germany, gave up on their previous two efforts and entered the [[Heckler & Koch P7|P7]].▼
*{{flagicon|USA}}: [[Smith & Wesson]] of the United States submitted their [[Smith & Wesson 459]]M.▼
The third trials commenced in January 1984<ref name=ThompsonXM9/> with the first tests carried out in following February.<ref>Legislation and National Security Subcommittee (1986); Page 9</ref>
====Results of the third tests====
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==Aftermath==
Controversy over these trials lead to the XM10 trials in spring of 1988. These trials were boycotted by most of the arms manufacturers that submitted their designs in prior trials, with the only entrants being the Beretta 92F, slightly improved Smith & Wesson 459 and [[Ruger]] submitting their new [[Ruger P85|P85]]. Both Ruger and Smith & Wesson designs failed the trial perimeters, resulting in Beretta winning again.<ref>{{cite book |last= Neville |first=Leigh |date= October 30, 2019 |title= Infantry Small Arms of the 21st Century: Guns of the World's Armies|url= https://www.google.fi/books/edition/Infantry_Small_Arms_of_the_21st_Century/ybcSEAAAQBAJ?hl=fi&gbpv=0|publisher= Pen & Sword Books |chapter=Chapter One: Combat Pistols|isbn=9781473896154}}</ref>
▲*{{flagicon|ITA}}: [[Beretta]] of Italy entered their [[Beretta 92|Beretta 92S-1]], which would later be made into the 92F design. This emerged as the winner of the trials and would be eventually adopted as the [[Beretta M9]].
▲*{{flagicon|BEL}}: [[FN Herstal]] of Belgium submitted three separate designs, the [[FN HP-DA|Browning BDA]], the FN GP version of the [[Browning Hi-Power]] and the FN FA (Fast Action), a special double-action version of the Hi-Power.
▲*{{flagicon|USA}}: [[Colt's Manufacturing Company]] of the United States submitted the '''Colt SSP''' (stainless steel pistol), a [[9×19mm Parabellum]] variant of the Colt Model 1971, which was an earlier attempt to develop a new service pistol to replace the M1911, with some minor mechanical alterations made for the trials. Colt submitted 30 new SSPs out of a production run of around 50, but their pistol was not selected. One example is on display at the [[Aberdeen Proving Ground]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historicalfirearms.info/post/137778371814/colt-model-1971-in-1971-colt-unveiled-a-new-modern|title=- Colt Model 1971 In 1971 Colt unveiled a new modern...}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://world.guns.ru/handguns/hg/usa/colt-ssp-e.html|title=Modern Firearms - Colt SSP|date=22 October 2010}}</ref>
▲*{{flagicon|USA}}: [[Smith & Wesson]] of the United States submitted their [[Smith & Wesson 459]].
▲*{{flagicon|SPA}}: [[Star Bonifacio Echeverria|Star Bonifcacio Echevveria S.A.]] of Spain submitted their Star M28.
▲<ref name=ArmyRDA_V22>Army R, D & A. Volume 22, Number 1</ref>
▲*{{flagicon|ITA}}: [[Beretta]] of Italy entered their [[Beretta M9|Beretta 92F]], which was an improvement of their previous entry, the Beretta 92S-1. This emerged as the winner of these trials as well, and would be eventually adopted as the [[Beretta M9]].
▲*{{flagicon|SWI}}: [[SIG Sauer]] (under the name SigArms) introduced their new pistol specifically designed for the trials, the [[SIG Sauer P226|P226]]. The P226 was the runner-up to the M9, as both were the only two to satisfactorily pass the trials. However, the P226 would ultimately not be chosen. In a later competition for a compact service pistol, SIG Sauer's P228 became the [[SIG Sauer P226#P228 .28M11.29|M11 pistol]].
▲*{{flagicon|AUT}}: [[Steyr]] of Austria submitted the [[Steyr GB]].
▲*{{flagicon|BEL}}: [[FN Herstal]] of Belgium gave up on the other two designs and submitted again their [[FN HP-DA|BDA]], a modified double-action version of the [[Browning Hi-Power]].
▲*{{flagicon|USA}}: [[Colt's Manufacturing Company]] of the United States submitted the '''Colt SSP''' (stainless steel pistol).
▲*{{flagicon|GER}}: [[Walther Arms|Walther]] of Germany submitted the [[Walther P88]].
▲*{{flagicon|GER}}: [[Heckler & Koch]], also of Germany, gave up on their previous two efforts and entered the [[Heckler & Koch P7|P7]].
▲*{{flagicon|USA}}: [[Smith & Wesson]] of the United States submitted their [[Smith & Wesson 459]]M.
== Joint Combat Pistol ==
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