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{{Short description|American weapon standardization coordination program}}
[[File:M9-pistolet.jpg|thumb|Beretta M9]]
The '''Joint Service Small Arms Program''', abbreviated '''JSSAP''', was created to coordinate weapon standardization between the various United States armed service branches.<ref name="The Service Pistol Controversy">{{cite web|last1=Rogers|first1=Patick F|title=The Service Pistol Controversy|url=http://americanhandgunner.com/1983issues/HMJ83.pdf|website=American Handgunner|access-date=4 July 2016}}</ref>
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== Prelude ==
In 1962, the Air Force adopted the [[Smith & Wesson Model 15]] revolver over the [[M1911A1]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YLs4CwAAQBAJ&q=air+force+smith+wesson+model+15&pg=PA76|title=Bunker Hill and Grissom Air Force Base|last=Kelley|first=Tom|date=2016-05-09|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|isbn=9781439656044|language=en}}</ref> By 1977 their inventory was wearing out, and the USAF requested special ammunition for the M15 to improve its effectiveness due to malfunctions it suffered.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rogers|first=Patrick F.|year=1983|title=The Service Pistol Controversy|url=http://americanhandgunner.com/1983issues/HMJ83.pdf|journal=American Handgunner|
A Congressional investigation revealed that the USAF had 25 different handguns in inventory.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}} Congressman [[Joseph P. Addabbo|Addabbo]] from New York said, "The current proliferation of handguns and handgun ammunition in Air Force inventory is intolerable." Congress encouraged DOD to select a standard handgun and phase out all others.
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This time the Army required 30 handguns and spares for each submitted handgun design. The magazine capacity requirement was changed from 10 to 13. The price was now a fixed price requirement for a procurement of 220,000 pieces. These changed requirements caused the elimination of some handguns which has participated in the first trial.<ref name=ThompsonXM9/>
Eight pistols were entered into the XM9 competition were:<ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wUbTS4OeUMUC&dq=heckler+%26+koch+p7+xm9&pg=PA47 |title=Annual Historical Review |
*{{flagicon|ITA}}: [[Beretta]] of Italy entered their [[Beretta M9|Beretta 92F]], which was an improvement of their previous entry, the Beretta 92S-1. This emerged as the winner of these trials as well, and would be eventually adopted as the [[Beretta M9]].
*{{flagicon|SWI}}: [[SIG Sauer]] (under the name SigArms) introduced their new pistol specifically designed for the trials, the [[SIG Sauer P226|P226]]. The P226 was the runner-up to the M9, as both were the only two to satisfactorily pass the trials. However, the P226 would ultimately not be chosen. In a later competition for a compact service pistol, SIG Sauer's P228 became the [[SIG Sauer P226#P228 .28M11.29|M11 pistol]].
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Out of the eight submitted entries, only the [[Beretta 92|Beretta 92SB-F]] and the [[SIG Sauer P226]] were found "technically acceptable finalists". [[Steyr]]'s [[Steyr GB|GB pistol]] was terminated by Army on May 4th, due to reliability issues. Subsequently, both [[Fabrique Nationale Herstal]] and [[Colt Manufacturing Company]] would voluntarily withdraw their entries, with the former on May 31th and the latter on July 18th. On September 18, 1984, the submissions by [[Carl Walther GmbH|Carl Walther Waffenfabrik]], [[Heckler & Koch]] and [[Smith & Wesson]] were all terminated. The P88 was terminated for for failing drop test, dispersion, corrosion resistance, and adverse conditions requirements. The P7M13 was terminated for failing reliability and corrosion resistance requirements and the 459M for failing service life and firing pin energy requirements.<ref>Legislation and National Security Subcommittee (1986); Page 15.</ref>
In both trials where the [[Beretta 92|Beretta 92SB-F]] and [[Sig Sauer P226]] competed the Sig was either equal or superior to the Beretta in most tests.<ref name="Future Weapons">{{cite book|last1=Dockery|first1=Kevin|title=Future Weapons|date=
The P226 lost out in the final bidding and the Beretta emerging the winning design once again. On January 14, 1985, the [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] and the [[United States Army|Army]] announced that the five-year contract would be awarded to Beretta, with the Beretta 92SB-F subsequently adopted as the [[M9 pistol]].<ref name=ThompsonXM9/><ref>Legislation and National Security Subcommittee (1986); Page 112.</ref>
==Aftermath==
Controversy over these trials lead to the XM10 trials in spring of 1988. These trials were boycotted by most of the arms manufacturers that submitted their designs in prior trials, with the only entrants being the Beretta 92F, slightly improved Smith & Wesson 459 and [[Ruger]] submitting their new [[Ruger P85|P85]]. Both Ruger and Smith & Wesson designs failed the trial perimeters, resulting in Beretta winning again.<ref>{{cite book |last= Neville |first=Leigh |date=
== Joint Combat Pistol ==
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==References==
{{Reflist}}▼
* {{cite book |last= Thompson|first= Leroy |date= September 20, 2011|title=The Beretta M9 Pistol |url= https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Beretta_M9_Pistol/YVbDCwAAQBAJ|___location= |publisher= Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=9781849088374}}▼
*{{cite magazine |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date= January-February 1981|title= Toward a New Hand Gun!!!|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fJFZtYNBzKUC |url-status= |magazine= Army R, D & A. Volume 22, Number 1 |___location= |publisher=Development and Engineering Directorate, HQ, U.S. Army Materiel Development and Readiness Command|page=1-4}} ▼
==External links==
▲* {{cite book |last= Thompson|first= Leroy |date=
▲*{{cite magazine |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=
*{{cite report |author= United States. Congress. House. Committee on Armed Services. Subcommittee on Investigations|date= 1981|title= Proposed Procurement of 9--MM Handgun by the Department of Defense|publisher= U.S. Government Printing Office|url=https://www.google.fi/books/edition/Proposed_Procurement_of_9_MM_Handgun_by/Xz3qfuC7Y_IC?hl=fi&gbpv=0}}
* {{cite report |author= United States. Congress. House. Committee on Government Operations. Legislation and National Security Subcommittee|date= 1986|title= The Beretta Pistol: Should it be the Defense Department's Standard Handgun? : Hearing Before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Government Operations, House of Representatives, Ninety-ninth Congress, Second Session, June 5, 1986|publisher= U.S. Government Printing Office|___location=University of California|url=https://www.google.fi/books/edition/The_Beretta_Pistol/hCdww_n0NtsC?hl=fi&gbpv=0 |access-date=June 4, 2024}}
▲{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Semi-automatic pistols of the United States]]
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