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===Genetic algorithms===
[[Genetic algorithms]] are used to evolve neural (and sometimes body) properties in a model brain-body-environment system so as to exhibit some desired behavioral performance. The evolved agents can then be subjected to a detailed analysis to uncover their principles of operation. Evolutionary approaches are particularly useful for exploring spaces of possible solutions to a given behavioral task because these approaches minimize a priori assumptions about how a given behavior ought to be instantiated. They can also be useful for exploring different ways to complete a computational neuroethology model when only partial neural circuitry is available for a biological system of interest.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Computational neuroethology|first1=Randall|last1=Beer|first2=Hillel|last2=Chiel|date=4 March 2008|volume=3|issue=3|doi=10.4249/scholarpedia.5307|journal=Scholarpedia|pages=5307|doi-broken-date=12 June 2024 |bibcode=2008SchpJ...3.5307B|doi-access=free}}</ref>
===NEURON===
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Nervous systems differ from the majority of silicon-based computing devices in that they resemble [[analog computer]]s (not [[digital data]] processors) and massively [[parallel computing|parallel]] processors, not [[von Neumann architecture|sequential]] processors. To model nervous systems accurately, in real-time, alternative hardware is required.
The most realistic circuits to date make use of [[analogue electronics|analog]] properties of existing [[digital electronics]] (operated under non-standard conditions) to realize Hodgkin–Huxley-type models ''in silico''.<ref>L. Alvadoa, J. Tomasa, S. Saghia, S. Renauda, T. Balb, A. Destexheb, G. Le Masson, 2004. Hardware computation of conductance-based neuron models. Neurocomputing 58–60 (2004) 109–115</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Silicon neurons|first1=Giacomo|last1=Indiveri|first2=Rodney|last2=Douglas|first3=Leslie|last3=Smith|date=29 March 2008|volume=3|issue=3|doi=10.4249/scholarpedia.1887|journal=Scholarpedia|pages=1887|doi-broken-date=12 June 2024 |bibcode=2008SchpJ...3.1887I|doi-access=free}}</ref>
===Retinomorphic chips===
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