Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests: Difference between revisions

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==Ecology==

The typical structure of these forests includes four layers. <ref name=wwf>{{CC-notice|bysa3}} {{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110401124425/http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/ecoregions/about/habitat_types/selecting_terrestrial_ecoregions/habitat04.cfm|archive-date=2011-04-01|url=http://wwf.panda.org:80/about_our_earth/ecoregions/about/habitat_types/selecting_terrestrial_ecoregions/habitat04.cfm|author=World Wide Fund for Nature|title=Temperate Broadleaf and Mixed Forest Ecoregions|access-date=2019-05-29|url-status=dead}}</ref>

* The uppermost layer is the [[canopy (forest)|canopy]] composed of tall mature trees ranging from {{convert|100|to|200|ft|m|abbr=on|order=flip}} high. Below the canopy is the three-layered, [[shade-tolerant]] [[understory]] that is roughly {{convert|30|to|50|ft|m|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} shorter than the canopy.

* The top layer of the understory is the sub-canopy composed of smaller mature trees, [[sapling]]s, and suppressed juvenile canopy layer trees awaiting an opening in the canopy.