Oracle bone script: Difference between revisions

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'''Oracle bone script''' is the oldest attested form of [[written Chinese]], dating to the late 2nd millennium BC. Inscriptions were made by carving [[Chinese characters|characters]] into [[oracle bone]]s, usually either the shoulder bones of oxen or the [[Turtle shell#Plastron|plastra of turtles]]. The writings themselves mainly record the results of official divinations carried out on behalf of the [[Late Shang]] royal family. These divinations took the form of ''[[scapulimancy]]'' where the oracle bones were exposed to flames, creating patterns of cracks that were then subjected to interpretation. Both the prompt and interpretation were inscribed on the same piece of bone that had been used for the divination itself.

Out of an estimated 150,000 inscriptions that have been uncovered, the vast majority were unearthed at [[Yinxu]], the site of the final Shang capital (modern-day [[Anyang]], Henan). The most recent major discovery was the Huayuanzhuang cache found near the site in 1993. Of the 1,608 Huayuanzhang pieces, 579 bear inscriptions.{{sfn|Shen|2002|p=86}} Each of the last nine Shang kings are named in the inscriptions{{efn|A few such shells and bones do not record divinations, but bear other records such as those of hunting trips, records of sacrifices, wars or other events, calendars, or practice inscriptions;{{harvnb|Xu|2002|pp=31, 34}} these are termed shell and bone inscriptions, rather than oracle bones, because no oracle (divination) was involved. However, they are still written in oracle bone script.}} beginning with [[Wu Ding]], whose accession is variously dated between 1250 and 1200&nbsp;BC.<ref>{{Cite journal |year=2002 |title=The Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project: Methodology and Results |journal=Journal of East Asian Archaeology |volume=4 |pages=321–333 |doi=10.1163/156852302322454585 |surname=Li |given=Xueqin | author-link= Li Xueqin | author-mask= Li Xueqin}}</ref>{{sfn|Keightley|1978|p=228}} Oracle bone inscriptions corresponding to Wu Ding's reign have been radiocarbon dated to 1254–1197&nbsp;BC (±10 years).<ref name="radiocarbon">{{Cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Kexin |last2=Wu |first2=Xiaohong |last3=Guo |first3=Zhiyu |last4=Yuan |first4=Sixun |last5=Ding |first5=Xingfang |last6=Fu |first6=Dongpo |last7=Pan |first7=Yan |year=2020 |title=Radiocarbon Dating of Oracle Bones of the Late Shang Period in Ancient China |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/radiocarbon/article/radiocarbon-dating-of-oracle-bones-of-late-shang-period-in-ancient-china/38A7B64D6D538A3A7B96F912BBEE9592 |journal=[[Radiocarbon (journal)|Radiocarbon]] |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=155–175 |doi=10.1017/RDC.2020.90 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314195458/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/radiocarbon/article/radiocarbon-dating-of-oracle-bones-of-late-shang-period-in-ancient-china/38A7B64D6D538A3A7B96F912BBEE9592 |archive-date=2022-03-14|doi-access=free }}</ref> Following the overthrow of the Shang by the [[Zhou dynasty]] in {{circa|1046 BC}}, divination using [[Achillea millefolium|milfoil]] became more common; far fewer oracle bone inscriptions are dated to the Western Zhou.<ref>{{cite book | isbn =978-0-300-13033-1 | last= Nylan | first=Michael| author-link= Michael Nylan| date=2001|title =The Five "Confucian" Classics| chapter= The Changes (Yi 易) | publisher = Yale University Press| page= 217 | jstor= j.ctt1nq7hj.9}}</ref> No Zhou-era sites with a comparable cache of inscriptions to Yinxu have been found; however, examples from this period appear to be more widespread, having been found near most major population centers. New sites have continued to be discovered since 2000.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Flad |first=Rowan K. |year=2008 |title=Divination and Power: A Multiregional View of the Development of Oracle Bone Divination in Early China |journal=Current Anthropology |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=403–437 |doi=10.1086/588495 |issn=0011-3204 |s2cid=62795316}}</ref>

The oracle bone inscriptions—along with several roughly contemporaneous bronzeware inscriptions using a different style—constitute the earliest corpus of Chinese writing, and are the direct ancestor of the [[Chinese family of scripts]] developed over the next three millennia.{{sfn|Boltz|1994|p=31}} Their study is essential for the research of Chinese [[etymologies]]. It is also the direct ancestor of over a dozen East Asian writing systems. The length of inscriptions ranges from 10 to over 100 characters, but a few dozen is typical. The subjects of concern in inscriptions are broad, and include war, ritual sacrifice, and agriculture, as well as births, illnesses, and deaths in the royal family. As such, they provide invaluable insights into the character of late Shang society.

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* {{Cite book |last=Qiu |first=Xigui |author-link=Qiu Xigui |title=Chinese Writing |publisher=Society for the Study of Early China and The Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California |year=2000 |isbn=978-1-557-29071-7 |___location=Berkeley |translator-last=Mattos |translator-first=Gilbert L. |author-mask=Qiu Xigui (裘锡圭) |orig-date=1988 |translator-last2=Norman |translator-first2=Jerry}}

* {{Cite book |title=Anyang and Sanxingdui: Unveiling the Mysteries of Ancient Chinese Civilizations |publisher=Royal Ontario Museum |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-888-54441-4 |editor-last=Shen |editor-first=Chen |___location=Toronto}}

* {{Cite journal |last=Thorp |first=Robert L. |year=1981 |title=The Date of Tomb 5 at Yinxu, Anyang: A Review Article |journal=Artibus Asiae |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=239–246 |doi=10.2307/3249839 |jstor=3249839}}

* {{Cite book |last=Wilkinson |first=Endymion |author-link=Endymion Wilkinson |title=Chinese History: A New Manual |publisher=Harvard University Asia Center |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-674-08846-7 |edition=4th |___location=Cambridge, MA}}

* {{Cite book |last=Wu |first=Teresa L. |title=The Origin and Dissemination of Chinese Characters |publisher=Caves |year=1990 |isbn=978-9-576-06002-1 |___location=Taipei |script-title=zh:中國文字只起源與繁衍 |trans-title=The Origin and Dissemination of Chinese Characters |language=zh}}