Grammatical particle: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 21:35, 13 June 2024

Revision as of 16:48, 19 June 2024

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== Modern meaning ==

In modern grammar, a '''particle''' is a [[function word]] that must be associated with another word or phrase to impart meaning, i.e., it does not have its own lexical definition.{{Citation needed|date=March 2017}} According to this definition, particles are a separate [[part of speech]] and are distinct from other [[word class|classes]] of function words, such as [[article (grammar)|articles]], [[preposition]]s, [[conjunction (grammar)|conjunctions]] and [[adverbs]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2017}} Languages vary widely in how much they use particles, some using them extensively and others more commonly using alternative devices such as prefixes/suffixes, inflection, [[auxiliary verb]]s and word order. Particles are typically words that encode [[grammatical category|grammatical categories]] (such as [[negation (linguistics)|negation]], [[grammatical mood|mood]], [[grammatical tense|tense]], or [[grammatical case|case]]), [[clitic]]s, [[Filler (linguistics)|filler]]s or (oral) [[discourse markers]] such as ''well'', ''um'', etc. Particles are never [[Inflection|inflected]].<ref>McArthur, Tom: "The Oxford Companion to the English Language", pp. 72-76, Oxford University Press, 1992. {{ISBN|0-19-214183-X}}</ref>

== Afrikaans ==

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== German ==

A [[German modal particle]] serves no necessary syntactical function, but expresses the speaker's attitude towards the utterance. Modal particles include ''{{lang|de|ja, halt, doch, aber, denn, schon''}} and others. Some of these also appear in non-particle forms. ''{{lang|de|Aber''}}, for example, is also the conjunction ''but''. In ''{{lang|de|Er ist Amerikaner, '''aber''' er spricht gut Deutsch''}}, "He is American, '''but''' he speaks German well," ''{{lang|de|aber''}} is a conjunction connecting two sentences. But in ''{{lang|de|Er spricht '''aber''' gut Deutsch!''}}, the ''{{lang|de|aber''}} is a particle, with the sentence perhaps best translated as "What good German he speaks!"<ref>Martin Durrell, ''Using German'', Cambridge University Press, 2nd edition (2003), p. 156-164.</ref> These particles are common in speech but rarely found in written language, except that which has a spoken quality (such as online messaging).<ref>{{cite journal|first=Fabian|last=Bross|year=2012|url=http://helikon-online.de/2012/Bross_Particles.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130318005540/http://helikon-online.de/2012/Bross_Particles.pdf |archive-date=2013-03-18 |url-status=live|title=German modal particles and the common ground|journal=Helikon. A Multidisciplinary Online Journal|pages=182–209}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Modal Particles: schon, ja, halt |url=https://german.yabla.com/lesson-Modal-Particles-schon-ja-halt-278 |publisher=[[Yabla]] German |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Vyatkina |first1=Nina |last2=Johnson |first2=Karen E. |title=German Modal Particles |url=http://calper.la.psu.edu/sites/default/files/pubfiles/CALPER_GMP_Preface.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701124443/http://calper.la.psu.edu/sites/default/files/pubfiles/CALPER_GMP_Preface.pdf |archive-date=2019-07-01 |url-status=live |publisher=Center for Advanced Language Proficiency Education and Research – The Pennsylvania State University}}</ref>

== Hindi ==

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*'''मात्र''' (mātr) — mere

*'''बस''' (bas) — mere, only

|'''मात्र''' ''(mātr)'' comes before a noun it modifies, and comes after a noun or verb or adverb when the meaning of "just/mere" is conveyed.

|

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# '''जी हाँ''' करूँगा। — (''jī hā̃ karū̃gā.'')

#* '''''Yes sure''', I will do it.''

# अरे '''हाँ तो''' ! किया है मैंने। — (''are hā̃ to! kiyā hai ma͠ine.'')

#* '''''(I already said) yes'''! I have done it.''

|-

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<br />

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# उस'''ने''' उस'''को''' उस'''से''' मारा। — (''us'''ne''' us'''ko''' us'''se''' mārā.'')

#* '''''He/she''' hit '''him/her''' '''with it'''.''

# उस'''का''' है? — (''us'''kā''' hai?'')

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# उस'''से''' निकालो और इस'''पे''' रखो। — (''usmē̃ se nikālo aur ispe rakho.'')

#* ''Take it out '''from that''' an keep it '''on this'''.''

# उस'''में''' होगा। — (''us'''mē̃''' hogā.'')

#* ''It must be '''inside it'''.''

# उस'''पे''' ढालना। — (''us'''pe''' ḍhālnā.'')

#* ''Pour it '''on that'''.''

# कोई मुझ'''सा''' नहीं। — (''koi mujh'''sā''' nahī̃'')

#* ''No one's '''like me'''.''

# चार बजे '''तक''' करना। — (cār baje '''tak''' karnā)

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== Polynesian languages ==

[[Polynesian languages]] are almost devoid of inflection, and use particles extensively to indicate mood, tense, and case. Suggs,<ref name=suggs>{{cite book|last=Suggs|first=Robert C|title=The Island Civilizations of Polynesia|year=1960|publisher=[New York] New American Library|url=https://archive.org/details/islandcivilizati00sugg|url-access=registration}}</ref> discussing the deciphering of the [[rongorongo]] script of [[Easter Island]], describes them as all-important. In [[Māori language|Māori]] for example, the versatile particle "{{lang|mi|e"}} can signal the [[imperative mood]], the vocative case, the future tense, or the subject of a sentence formed with most passive verbs. The particle "{{lang|mi|i"}} signals the past imperfect tense, the object of a transitive verb or the subject of a sentence formed with "neuter verbs" (a form of passive verb), as well as the prepositions ''in'', ''at'' and ''from''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Foster|first=John|title=He Whakamarama: A Short Course in Maori}}</ref>

=== Tokelauan ===

In [[Tokelauan language|Tokelauan]], ''{{lang|tkl|ia''}} is used when describing personal names, month names, and nouns used to describe a collaborative group of people participating in something together.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|last1=Simona|first1=Ropati|title=Tokelau Dictionary|date=1986|publisher=Office of Tokelau Affairs|___location=New Zealand|page=Introduction}}</ref> It also can be used when a verb does not directly precede a pronoun to describe said pronouns.<ref name=":0" /> Its use for pronouns is optional but mostly in this way. ''{{lang|tkl|Ia''}} cannot be used if the noun it is describing follows any of the prepositions ''{{lang|tkl|e, o, a''}}, or ''{{lang|tkl|ko''}}.<ref name=":0" /> A couple of the other ways unrelated to what is listed above that ''{{lang|tkl|ia''}} is used is when preceding a locative or place name.<ref name=":0" /> However, if ''{{lang|tkl|ia''}} is being used in this fashion, the locative or place name must be the subject of the sentence.<ref name=":0" /> Another particle in Tokelauan is ''{{lang|tkl|a''}}, or sometimes ''{{lang|tkl|ā''}}.<ref name=":0" /> This article is used before a person's name as well as the names of months and the particle ''{{lang|tkl|a te''}} is used before pronouns when these instances are following the prepositions ''{{lang|tkl|i''}} or ''{{lang|tkl|ki''}}. ''{{lang|tkl|Ia te''}} is a particle used if following the preposition ''ma''i{{lang|tkl|mai}}.<ref name=":0" />

== Russian ==

In [[Russian language|Russian]] particles play sometimes an important role making an additional nuance for a meaning of a phrase or of a whole sentence. One example is particle ''{{lang|ru|бы''}} which imparts conditional mood (subjunctive) to a verb it is being applied to or to a whole sentence. Another examples are ''{{lang|ru|-то''}} and ''{{lang|ru|же''}} which are usually used to emphasise or accent other words. Generally there are lot of different particles in Russian of many kinds. Some of them are complex, consisting of other particles, others are as simple as one letter (''{{lang|ru|б'', ''-с''}}).

== Turkish ==

{{Clarify inline|date=June 2024|text=[[Turkish]] particles have no meaning alone; among other words, it takes part in the sentence.}} In some sources, exclamations and conjunctions are also considered Turkish particles. In this article, exclamations and conjunctions will not be dealt with, but only Turkish particles. The main particles used in Turkish are:

{{Columns-start|num=3}}

* {{lang|tr|ancak}}<ref group="note">used with "Ama{{lang|tr|ama, fakat, lakin"}} ('but').</ref>

* {{lang|tr|başka}}, another

* {{lang|tr|beri}}, since

* {{lang|tr|bir}}, one

* {{lang|tr|bir tek}}, only

* {{lang|tr|dair}}, regarding

* {{lang|tr|doğru}}, right

* {{lang|tr|değil}}, not

* {{lang|tr|değin}}, mention

* {{lang|tr|denli}}, as much

* {{lang|tr|dek}}, until

{{Column}}

* {{lang|tr|dolayı}}, due

* {{lang|tr|diye}}, so

* {{lang|tr|evvel}}, before

* {{lang|tr|gayri}}, informal

* {{lang|tr|gibi}}, like

* {{lang|tr|göre}}, by

* {{lang|tr|için}}, for

* {{lang|tr|ile}}, with<ref group="note">used with "Ve"{{lang|tr|ve}} ('and')</ref>

* {{lang|tr|kadar}}, until

* {{lang|tr|karşı}}, against

* {{lang|tr|karşın}}, although or despite

{{Column}}

* {{lang|tr|mukabil}}, corresponding

* {{lang|tr|önce}}, prior to

* {{lang|tr|ötürü}}, due to

* {{lang|tr|öte}}, beyond

* {{lang|tr|rağmen}}, despite

* {{lang|tr|sadece}}, only

* {{lang|tr|sanki}}, as if

* {{lang|tr|sonra}}, then

* {{lang|tr|sıra}}, row

* {{lang|tr|üzere}}, to

* {{lang|tr|yalnız}}, alone

{{Columns-end}}

Particles can be used with the simple form of the names to which they are attached or in other cases. Some of particles uses with attached form, and some particles are always used after the relevant form. For examples, "{{lang|tr|-den ötürü"}}, "{{lang|tr|-e dek"}}, "{{lang|tr|-den öte"}}, "{{lang|tr|-e doğru"}}:

* {{lang|tr|Bu çiçekleri annem '''için''' alıyorum.}} ("{{lang|tr|anne"}} is nominative)

* {{lang|tr|Yarın'''a kadar''' bu ödevi bitirmem lazım.}} (dative)

* {{lang|tr|Düşük notların'''dan ötürü''' çok çalışman gerekiyor.}} (ablative)

Turkish particles according to their functions. '''{{lang|tr|Başka''', '''gayrı''', '''özge'''}} used for ''other, another, otherwise, new, diverse, either'' .

* {{lang|tr|Senden gayrı kimsem yok. No one other than you.}}

* {{lang|tr|Yardım istemekten başka çaremiz kalmadı. We have no choice but to ask for help.}}

'''{{lang|tr|Göre''', '''nazaran''', '''dâir''', '''rağmen'''}} used for ''by, in comparison, about, despite''.

* {{lang|tr|Çok çalışmama rağmen sınavda hedeflediğim başarıyı yakalayamadım.}}

* {{lang|tr|Duyduğuma göre bitirme sınavları bir hafta erken gerçekleşecekmiş.}}

* {{lang|tr|Şirketteki son değişikliklere dâir bilgi almak istiyorum.}}

'''{{lang|tr|İçin''', '''üzere''', '''dolayı''', '''ötürü''', '''nâşi''', '''diye'''}} used for ''for, with, because, because of, how''.

* {{lang|tr|Açılış konuşmasını yapmak üzere kürsüye çıktı.}}

* {{lang|tr|Bu raporu bitirebilmek için zamana ihtiyacım var.}}

* {{lang|tr|Kardeşim hastalığından nâşi gelemedi.}}

== See also ==