Grammatical particle: Difference between revisions

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{{Cleanup lang|date=June 2024}}{{Short description|Typically short and indeclinable word with a grammatical function but no clear part of speech}}

In [[grammar]], the term '''''particle''''' ([[list of glossing abbreviations|abbreviated]] '''{{sc|ptcl}}''') has a traditional meaning, as a [[part of speech]] that cannot be [[Inflection|inflected]], and a modern meaning, as a [[function word]] (functor) associated with another word or phrase in order to impart meaning. Although a particle may have an intrinsic meaning and may fit into other grammatical categories, the fundamental idea of the particle is to add context to the sentence, expressing a mood or indicating a specific action.

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There are different types of particles present in [[Hindi]]: emphatic particles, limiter particles, negation particles, affirmative particles, honorific particles, topic-marker particle and case-marking particles.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=PARGHI|first=KHUSHBOO|date=2016|title=ON DISTRIBUTION AND SENSES OF THE EMPHATIC PARTICLE hI IN HINDI|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26264771|journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute|volume=76|pages=93–100|jstor=26264771|issn=0045-9801}}</ref> Some common particles of Hindi are mentioned in the table below:

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"

| colspan="4" |'''Hindi particles'''

|-

!Type

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Particles<ref name=":1" />

|

*'''{{lang|hi|ही'''}} ({{transl|hi|hī}}) — [https://hindilanguage.info/hindi-grammar/particles/hi/ Exclusive Emphatic Particle]

*'''{{lang|hi|भी'''}} ({{transl|hi|bhī}}) — Inclusive Emphatic Particle

*'''{{lang|hi|यूँ'''}} ({{transl|hi|yū̃}}) — [https://hindilanguage.info/hindi-grammar/particles/yun/ Manner Emphatic Particle]

|'''{{lang|hi|ही'''}} ''({{transl|hi|hī}})'' can roughly be translated as "only", "just", "alone" etc<br>{{lang|hi|भी}} ({{transl|hi|bhī}}) can roughly be translated as "also", "too", "can't even" etc

'''भी''' ''(bhī)'' can roughly be translated as "also", "too", "can't even" etc

|

# {{lang|hi|बस '''कॉफ़ी''' '''ही''' लेके आये? —}} (''{{transl|hi|bas '''kôfī hī''' leke āye?''}})

#* ''You brought '''just''' coffee?''

# '''{{lang|hi|लिख''' '''भी''' नहीं सकते? —}} ('''''{{transl|hi|likh bhī''' nahī̃ sakte?''}})

#* ''You '''can't even''' write?''

# {{lang|hi|मैं '''यूँ''' जाऊँगा और '''यूँ''' आऊँगा। —}} (''{{transl|hi|ma͠i '''yū̃''' jāū̃gā aur '''yū̃''' āū̃gā.''}})

#* ''I'll (instantly) go and (instantly) come back.''

|-

!Limiter

Particles

|

*'''{{lang|hi|मात्र'''}} ({{transl|hi|mātr}}) — mere

*'''{{lang|hi|बस'''}} ({{transl|hi|bas}}) — mere, only

|'''{{lang|hi|मात्र'''}} ''({{transl|hi|mātr}})'' comes before a noun it modifies, and comes after a noun or verb or adverb when the meaning of "just/mere" is conveyed.

|

# {{lang|hi|नारंगी '''मात्र दो''' हैं अपने पास। —}} (''{{transl|hi|nārangī '''mātr do''' hè̃ apne pās.''}})

#* ''We have '''merely two''' oranges.''

|-

!Negation

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Particles

|

*'''{{lang|hi|नहीं'''}} ({{transl|hi|nahī̃}}) — Indicative Negation

*'''{{lang|hi|न / ना'''}} ({{transl|hi|na / nā}}) — Subjunctive Negation

*'''{{lang|hi|मत'''}} ({{transl|hi|mat}}) — Imperative Negation

|'''{{lang|hi|नहीं'''}} ''({{transl|hi|nahī̃}})'' can have multiple positions in the same sentence while still conveying the same meaning. By default, it comes before the main verb of the sentence (or after the verb to emphasise). Usually, it doesn't appear at the end of a sentence and also at the beginning if the sentence starts with a noun.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lampp|first=Claire M.|date=2006|title=Negation in modern Hindi-Urdu: the development of nahII|s2cid=198686698|language=en}}</ref>''' {{lang|hi|न'''}} ''({{transl|hi|na}})'' and '''{{lang|hi|मत'''}} ''({{transl|hi|mat}})'' have rather restricted positions in a sentence and can usually only appear around the verb in subjunctive mood or imperative form, respectively.

|

# '''{{lang|hi|नहीं''' '''करना''' चाहिए ऐसा। —}} ('''''{{transl|hi|nahī̃ karnā''''' ''čāhiye aisā.''}})

#* ''One should'''nshouldn't''' '''do''' [like] that.''

# '''{{lang|hi|ना हो''' ऐसा तो अच्छा हो। —}} ('''''{{transl|hi|nā ho''''' ''aisā to acchā ho.''}})

#* ''It'll be good if it '''doesn't happen''' [like that].''

# '''{{lang|hi|मत''' कर यार ! —}} ('''''{{transl|hi|mat''''' ''kar yār''!}})

#* '''''Don't do''''' ''it, man!''

|-

!Affirmative

Particles

|

*'''{{lang|hi|हाँ'''}} ({{transl|hi|hā̃}}) — "yes"<ref>Kalika Bali, "F0 cues for the discourse functions of "hã" in Hindi" https://www.researchgate.net/publication/221486826_F0_cues_for_the_discourse_functions_of_ha_in_Hindi</ref>

*'''{{lang|hi|जी'''}} ({{transl|hi|jī}}) — "honorific yes"

*'''{{lang|hi|जी हाँ'''}} ({{transl|hi|jī-hā̃}}) — "emphatic yes"

*'''{{lang|hi|हाँ तो'''}} ({{transl|hi|hā̃-to}}) — "emphatic yes"

|

|

# '''{{lang|hi|हाँ''' करता हूँ। —}} ('''''{{transl|hi|hā̃''''' ''kartā hū̃.''}})

#* '''''Yes''', I (will) do it.''

# '''{{lang|hi|जी''' और आप? —}} (''{{transl|hi|jī aur āp.''}})

#* '''''Yes''', and you ('''formal''')?''

# '''{{lang|hi|जी हाँ''' करूँगा। —}} (''{{transl|hi|jī hā̃ karū̃gā.''}})

#* '''''Yes sure''', I will do it.''

# {{lang|hi|अरे '''हाँ तो''' ! किया है मैंने। —}} (''{{transl|hi|are hā̃ to! kiyā hai ma͠ine.''}})

#* '''''(I already said) yes'''! I have done it.''

|-

!Honorific

Particles

|

*'''{{lang|hi|जी'''}} ({{transl|hi|jī}}) — "honour giving particle"

|It comes after a noun and gives the noun an honorific value.

Compare with the honorific particles in Japanese, e.g. {{Nihongo krt|2=さま|3=sama}} and {{Nihongo krt|2=さん|3=san}}.

|

# '''{{lang|hi|राहुल जी''' कैसे है? —}} ('''''{{transl|hi|rāhul jī''''' ''kaise ha͠i?''}})

#* ''How is '''Mr.''' Rahul?''

|-

!Topic Marker

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Particles

|

*'''{{lang|hi|तो'''}} (to) — "[[topic marker]]"

|'''{{lang|hi|तो'''}} is used to mark the topic in the sentence which is often not the same the subject of a sentence. It indicates either presuppositionally shared information or shift in thematic orientation.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Montaut|first=Annie|date=2015|title=The discourse particle to and word ordering in Hindi: From grammar to discourse|url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01287633|language=en|volume=283|pages=263|publisher=Benjamins }}</ref><ref>Case markers and Morphology: Addressing the crux of the fluency problem in English-Hindi SMT: https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P09-1090.pdf</ref> It has a rather flexible position in a sentence; it always goes after the topic of the sentence, even if that topic contains other particles.

|

# {{lang|hi|नेहा '''तो''' अच्छी है। —}} (''{{transl|hi|nehā '''to''' acchī hai.''}})

#* '''''[Speaking of]''''' ''Neha '''[she]''' is good.''

# {{lang|hi|तुम अच्छी '''तो''' हो पर उतनी नहीं। —}} (''{{transl|hi|tum acchī '''to''' ho par utnī nahī̃.''}})

#* ''You '''"sure are"''' good but not that much.''

|-

!Question Marker

Particles

|

*'''{{lang|hi|क्या'''}} ({{transl|hi|kyā}}) — "question marker"

*'''{{lang|hi|ना'''}} ({{transl|hi|nā}}) — "doubt / confirmatory marker"

|The [[Yes–no question|question-marker]] '''क्या''' can come at the beginning or the end of a sentence as its default position but can also appear in between the sentence if it cannot also be interpreted as its non-particle meaning of "what" at a mid position in the sentence.<ref name=":03">{{Cite journal|last1=Bhatt|first1=Rajesh|last2=Dayal|first2=Veneeta|date=2020-01-31|title=Polar question particles: Hindi-Urdu kya|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11049-020-09464-0|journal=Natural Language & Linguistic Theory|volume=38|issue=4|pages=1115–1144|language=en|doi=10.1007/s11049-020-09464-0|s2cid=213719773|issn=1573-0859}}</ref> '''{{lang|hi|ना'''}} can only come at the end of a sentence and nowhere else. It conveys that the asker is in doubt or is seeking for a confirmation.<ref>Negation in modern Hindi-Urdu: the development of nahII: https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/downloads/g158bh795?locale=en</ref>

|

# {{lang|hi|वो गाता है '''क्या'''? —}} (''{{transl|hi|vo gātā hai '''kyā'''?''}})

#* '''''Does''''' ''he sing?''

# {{lang|hi|ऐसा करना होता है '''ना'''? —}} (''{{transl|hi|aisā karnā hota hai '''nā'''?''}})

#* ''It should be done like this, '''no'''?''

# {{lang|hi|ऐसा करें '''ना'''? —}} (''{{transl|hi|aisā karē̃ '''nā'''?''}})

#* ''[Are you sure that] we do this? / we are doing this?''

|-

!Case Marker

Particles

|

*'''{{lang|hi|को'''}} ({{transl|hi|ko}}) — "[[Dative case|dative marker]]" & "[[Accusative case|accusative marker]]"

*'''{{lang|hi|से'''}} ({{transl|hi|se}}) — "[[Ablative case|ablative marker]]" & "[[Instrumental case|instrumental marker]]"

*'''{{lang|hi|ने'''}} ({{transl|hi|ne}}) — "[[Ergative case|ergative marker]]"

*'''{{lang|hi|का'''}} ({{transl|hi|kā}}) — "[[Genitive case|genitive marker]]"

*'''{{lang|hi|में'''}} ({{transl|hi|mē̃}}) — "[[Locative case|locative marker]]" "in / inside"

*'''{{lang|hi|पे / पर'''}} ({{transl|hi|pe / par}}) — "[[Locative case|locative marker]]" "on / at"

*'''{{lang|hi|तक'''}} ({{transl|hi|tak}}) — "[[Locative case|locative marker]]" "up to, until, as far as"

*'''{{lang|hi|सा'''}} ({{transl|hi|sā}}) — "[[Semblative case|semblative marker]]" "like, -ish, -esque"

|The case marking particles require the noun to be declined to be in their oblique case forms. However, these markers themselves (except for one){{Clarify|reason=which one?|date=February 2023}} can inflect and change forms depending on the gender of the noun they modify.<ref>{{Citation|last1=de Hoop|first1=Helen|title=Chapter 12 - Differential Case-Marking in Hindi|date=2005-01-01|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978008044651650015X|work=Competition and Variation in Natural Languages|pages=321–345|editor-last=Amberber|editor-first=Mengistu|series=Perspectives on Cognitive Science|place=Oxford|publisher=Elsevier|language=en|access-date=2020-11-16|last2=Narasimhan|first2=Bhuvana|doi=10.1016/B978-008044651-6/50015-X |hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-0013-1748-5 |isbn=9780080446516 |editor2-last=De Hoop|editor2-first=Helen|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=CASE IN HINDI|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267724707|access-date=2020-11-16|website=ResearchGate|language=en}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"

| colspan="2" |'''''Hindi'''''

|-

|'''Case'''

|'''Hindi'''

|-

|''ergative''

|''' {{lang|hi|ने'''}} ''({{transl|hi|ne}})''

|-

|''accusative''

| rowspan="2" |'''{{lang|hi|को'''}} ''({{transl|hi|ko}})''

|-

|''dative''

|-

|''instrumental''

| rowspan="2" |'''{{lang|hi|से'''}} ''({{transl|hi|se}})''

|-

|''ablative''

|-

|''genitive''

|'''{{lang|hi|का'''}} ''({{transl|hi|kā}})''

|-

|''inessive''

|'''{{lang|hi|में'''}} ''({{transl|hi|mē̃}})''

|-

|''adessive''

|'''{{lang|hi|पे'''}} ''({{transl|hi|pe}})''

|-

|''terminative''

|'''{{lang|hi|तक'''}} ''({{transl|hi|tak}})''

|-

|''semblative''

|'''{{lang|hi|सा'''}} ({{transl|hi|sā}})

|}

<br />

|

# उस'''ने'''{{lang|hi|उसने उस'''को'''उसको उस'''से'''उससे मारा। —}} (''us'''ne'''{{transl|hi|usne us'''ko'''usko us'''se'''usse mārā.''}})

#* '''''He/she''' hit '''him/her''' '''with it'''.''

# उस'''का'''{{lang|hi|उसका है? —}} (''us'''kā'''{{transl|hi|uskā hai?''}})

#* ''Is it '''his'''?''

# उस'''से'''{{lang|hi|उससे निकालो और इस'''पे'''इसपे रखो। —}} (''{{transl|hi|usmē̃ se nikālo aur ispe rakho.''}})

#* ''Take it out '''from that''' an keep it '''on this'''.''

# उस'''में'''{{lang|hi|उसमें होगा। —}} (''us'''mē̃'''{{transl|hi|usmē̃ hogā.''}})

#* ''It must be '''inside it'''.''

# उस'''पे'''{{lang|hi|उसपे ढालना। —}} (''us'''pe'''{{transl|hi|uspe ḍhālnā.''}})

#* ''Pour it '''on that'''.''

# {{lang|hi|कोई मुझ'''सा'''मुझसा नहीं। —}} (''{{transl|hi|koi mujh'''sā'''mujhsā nahī̃''.}})

#* ''No one's '''like me'''.''

# {{lang|hi|चार बजे '''तक''' करना। —}} ({{transl|hi|cār baje '''tak''' karnā.}})

#* ''Do it '''until four o'clock.'''''

|}