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=Premi Nobel=
=Super Mario 64=
'''Pär Fabian Lagerkvist''' ([[May 23]], [[1891]] – [[July 11]], [[1974]]<!--PLEASE PLACES OF B/D MUST BE PUT WITHIN THE ARTICLE-->) was a [[Sweden|Swedish]] author who was awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] in [[1951]].
Lagerkvist wrote [[poetry|poems]], [[play]]s, [[novel]]s, stories, and [[essay]]s of considerable expressive power and influence from his early 20s to his late 70s. Among his central themes was the fundamental question of good and evil, which he examined through such figures as the man who was freed instead of Jesus, [[Barabbas]], and the [[wandering Jew]] Ahasuerus. As a moralist, he used religious motifs and figures from the [[Christianity|Christian]] tradition without following the doctrines of the [[Church]].
==Reception==
Secondo 1up.com ''Super Mario 64'' è stato uno dei primi giochi ad aver portato una serie di giochi 2D nel pieno 3D.<ref name="1up1" /> Nel gioco erano stati inclusi elementi dei vecchi giochi 2D della serie come le mosse di Mario, i blocchi [[power-up]], i tipi di livello (il deserto, il vulcano, il mondo ghiacciato e così via), i nemici e altri personaggi. ''Super Mario 64''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s translation of traditional 2D platforming action into 3D was hailed as a great success by many players, and the game itself went on to effectively drive sales of the N64 console,{{Who|date=June 2007}} and is regarded today as one of the best games ever made.
==Biography and works==
There were others who felt that ''Super Mario 64'' did ''not'' readily capture the "feel" of its predecessors.{{Who|date=June 2007}} In the transition to 3D, many of the series conventions were rethought drastically, placing an emphasis on exploration over traditional platform jumping, or "hop and bop" action. While few disputed its quality, it has been argued that it established an entirely new genre, different from that of previous games in the series.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/3211627.stm | title=Platform video games evolve | last= | first= | publisher=[[BBC]] | date=2003-10-25 |accessdate=2006-11-21}}</ref>
Lagerkvist was born in [[Växjö]] ([[Småland]]).
===Reviews===
''Super Mario 64'' was praised in the gaming press, and is still highly acclaimed. It has collected numerous awards, including various "Game of the Year" honors by members of the gaming media, as well as Nintendo's own bestseller [[Player's Choice]] selection.
Lagerkvist received a traditional religious education which strongly influenced all his works, although his passion for religion mellowed in his later years under the influence of modern scientific ideas, which eventually led him to break with the religion of his forefathers.
==Impact and legacy==
''Super Mario 64'' set many precedents for 3D platformers to follow.<ref name="1up1" />
In his early years Lagerkvist supported modernist and radicalist views, as shown by his manifesto ''Ordkonst och bildkonst'' (word and pickther art) (1913) and the plays ''Den Svåre Stunden'' ("The Difficult Hour"). He was also influenced by socialism.
Most existing 3D games at the time used a [[first-person shooter|first person]] or fixed perspective, but the platform gameplay of ''Super Mario 64'' required the use of a free camera. The game world is therefore viewed through an in-game [[professional video camera|video camera]] operated by [[Lakitu]].<ref name="instructions" /> Lakitu handles the camera automatically, but the player can change the perspective manually when necessary, since the camera programming occasionally makes the view get stuck behind walls or at odd angles. This was a useful innovation, as other games were sometimes unplayable due to an unfixable bad camera.<ref name="npsep96">(September 1996). "Super Mario 64". ''Nintendo Power'', vol 88. pp. 14-23.</ref>
One of the author's earliest works is ''Ångest'' (''Anguish'', [[1916]]), a [[violence|violent]] and disillusioned collection of poems. His anguish was derived from his fear of death, the [[World War I|World War]], and personal crisis. He tried to explore how a person can find a meaningful life in a world where a war can kill millions for very little reason. "Anguish, anguish is my heritage / the wound of my throat / the cry of my heart in the world." ("Anguish", 1916.) "Love is nothing. Anguish is everything / the anguish of living." ("Love is nothing", 1916.) This pessimism, however, slowly faded, as testified by his subsequent works, ''Det eviga leendet'' (''The Eternal Smile'', 1920), the autobiographical novel ''Gäst hos verkligheten'' (''Guest of Reality'', 1925) and the prose monologue ''Det besegrade livet'' (''The triumph of Life'', 1927), in which the faith in man is predominant.
The Nintendo 64's analog control stick allowed for more realistic and wide-ranging character movements than the [[digital]] [[D-pad]]s of previous consoles, and ''Super Mario 64'' exploits this feature extensively. For example, Mario's speed varies depending on the degree of tilt of the control stick.<ref name="instructions" /> The range and direction of many other movements can be controlled as well. The Bowser battles exhibit this by forcing the player to rotate the control stick in circles in order to swing Bowser around and throw him into mines placed around the arena.<ref>(June 1996). "N64 Exclusive". ''Nintendo Power'', vol 85. pp. 16-17.</ref>
Ten years later ''Hjärtats sånger'' (''Songs of the Heart'') ([[1926]]) appeared. This collection of poems is slightly less desperate in its tone and expresses the strive to come to peace with life itself that was to become so prominent in his later works. In ''Hjärtats sånger'' he wrote: "Only you, my bosom, is left, / you who can suffer, / you who can feel the depth of pain / but not complain." His prose [[novella]] ''Bödeln'', later adapted for the stage, (''The Hangman'', [[1933]]; play, [[1934]]) shows his growing concern with the [[totalitarianism]] and brutality that began to sweep across [[Europe]] in the years prior to [[World War II]]. Criticism against Fascism is also present in the play ''Mannen utan själ'' (''The Man Without a Soul'', 1936).
''Super Mario 64'' viene spesso ricordato per il suo senso di libertà e la non-linearità. This was initially unfamiliar to many people, among them was Michael Grayford of [[Liquid Entertainment]]:
{{quote|lingua=en|Quando giocai per la prima volta a Mario 64, non mi era piaciuto. C'erano troppi posti da esplorare e troppe cose da fare, e non avevo veramente compreso lo spirito del gioco. Nonostante tutto lo provai di nuovo, poichè molti mi avevano detto che era molto divertente, e finì col giocarlo tutto fino alla fine. Ero molto soddisfatto. Ogni livello aveva qualcosa di unico e non mi sono mai annoiato.|Michael Grayford|When I first played ''Mario 64'', I was very turned off. There were too many places to run around and too much stuff to do, and I didn't really see the point or the spirit of the game. I tried it again later, though, hearing from everyone how fun it was, and ended up playing it all the way through to the end. I was highly pleased. Each level brought some new unique cool gameplay element and I was never bored.<ref name="GameSpy50">{{cite web | title=GameSpy's Top 50 Games of All Time | year=July 2001 | publisher=gamespy.com | url=http://archive.gamespy.com/articles/july01/top502ase/index3.shtm | accessdate=2006-02-11}}</ref>}}
Lagerkvist's 1944 novel ''Dvärgen'' (''[[The Dwarf]]''), a cautionary tale about evil, was the first to bring him international attention. This was followed in 1949 by the unusual plat ''Låt människan leva'' (''Let Man Live'').
[[Warren Spector]], former lead designer at [[Ion Storm Inc.]], also gave the following explanation for the game's influence:
{{quote|lingua=en|Non è possibile comprimere cosi tanto gameplay in un singolo gioco. Mario ha circa dieci cose che può fare e non c'è mai un momento in cui ti senti costretto in qualche modo. Nessun gioco ha fatto un lavoro migliore di mostrare gli obbiettivi prima che possano essere raggiunti, permettendo ai giocatori di progettare un piano e di metterlo alla pratica.|Warren Spector|It's not possible to squeeze this much gameplay into a single game. Mario has, like, ten things he can do and yet there's never a moment where you feel constrained in any way. No game has done a better job of showing goals before they can be attained, allowing players to make a plan and execute on it. And the way the game allows players to explore the same spaces several times while revealing something new each time is a revelation. Any developer who wouldn't kill to have made this game is nuts.<ref name="GameSpy50" />}}
''[[Barabbas (novel)|Barabbas]] ([[1950]])'', which was immediately hailed as a masterwork (by among others fellow Nobel laureate [[André Gide]]) is probably Lagerkvist's most famous work. The novel is based on a minor [[Biblical]] story. [[Jesus of Nazareth]] was sentenced to die by the Roman authorities immediately before the Jewish [[Passover]], when it was customary for the Romans to release someone convicted of a capital offense. When the Roman procurator [[Pontius Pilate]] offers to free Jesus or Barabbas, a convicted thief and murderer, a Jerusalem mob demands the release of Barabbas, who spends the rest of his life trying to come to terms with why he was chosen to live.
A central hub, where controls can be learned before entering levels themselves, has been used in many 3D platformers since. In addition, the game's mission-based level design was an inspiration for other game designers. For example, [[Martin Hollis]], who produced and directed ''[[GoldenEye 007]]'', says that "the idea for the huge variety of missions within a level came from ''Super Mario 64''."<ref>{{cite web | title=The Making of GoldenEye 007 | year=September 2, 2004 | publisher=zoonami.com | url=http://www.zoonami.com/briefing/2004-09-02.php | accessdate=2006-02-11}}</ref>
The novel was filmed in [[1962]], with [[Anthony Quinn]] playing the title role.
===Remakes and sequels===
''Super Mario 64'' was first re-released in Japan on [[July 18]] [[1997]] as ''Shindou Super Mario 64''. This version added support for the [[Rumble Pak]] and included voice acting from the American version as well.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://ign64.ign.com/objects/010/010131.html | title=Shindou Super Mario 64 (Rumble Pak Vers.) | publisher=[[IGN]] | accessdate=2006-10-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.allgame.com/cg/agg.dll?p=agg&sql=1:17806 | title=Shindou Super Mario 64 | last=Davies | first=Jonti | publisher=allgame|accessdate=2006-10-22}}</ref> In [[1998]], ''Super Mario 64'' was re-released in America as part of the [[Player's Choice]] line: a selection of games with high sales sold for a reduced price.
Lagerkvist died in [[Stockholm]].
Nel 2007 è uscita una nuova versione di ''Super Mario 64'' per Wii Virtual console al prezzo di 1.000 Wii Points.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://wii.ign.com/articles/733/733464p1.html | title=IGN's Nintendo Wii FAQ | last=Casamassina | first=Matt | authorlink=Matt Casamassina | publisher=[[IGN]]|date=[[2006-09-19]] | pages=5 | accessdate=2006-10-22}}</ref> This release adds compatibility with the [[GameCube]] and Classic controllers, and [http://www.bytecellar.com/archives/000084.php enhances the display]. This version is able to run in [[480p]] on properly configured setups.
==Works==
*''Ordkonst och bildkonst'' (1913)
*''Motiv'' (1914)
*''Järn och människor'' (1915)
*''Ångest'' (1916)
*''Teater'' (1918)
*''Kaos'' (1919)
*''Det eviga leendet'' (1920)
*''Den lyckliges väg'' (1921)
*''Onda sagor'' (1924)
*''Gäst hos verkligheten'' (1925)
*''Hjärtats sånger'' (1926)
*''Han som fick leva om sitt liv'' (1928)
*''Bödeln'' (1933)
*''Den knutna näven'' (1934)
*''Seger i mörker'' (1939)
*''Sång och strid'' (1940)
*''[[The_Dwarf|Dvärgen]]'' (1944)
*''Barabbas'' (1950)
*''Aftonland'' (1953)
*''Sibyllan'' (1956)
*''Det heliga landet'' (1964)
*''Mariamne'' (1967)
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{{Nobel Prize in Literature Laureates 1951-1975}}
[[Category:1891 births|Lagerkvist, Pär]]
[[Category:1974 deaths|Lagerkvist, Pär]]
[[Category:Swedish atheists|Lagerkvist, Pär]]
[[Category:Members of the Swedish Academy|Lagerkvist, Pär]]
[[Category:Nobel laureates in Literature|Lagerkvist, Pär]]
[[Category:Swedish-language writers|Lagerkvist, Pär]]
[[Category:Swedish language poets|Lagerkvist, Pär]]
[[Category:Uppsala University alumni|Lagerkvist, Par]]
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==Note e riferimenti==
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