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===Vertical analysis===
To ensure the railway system is as efficient as possible a complexity/vertical analysis should also be undertaken. This analysis will aid in the analysis of future and existing systems which is crucial in ensuring the sustainability of a system (Bednar, 2022, pp. 75–76). Vertical analysis will consist of knowing the operating activities (day to day operations) of the system, problem prevention, control activities, development of activities and coordination of activities.<ref>Bednar, 2022, pp. 75–76</ref>
== Linking individual networks ==
Transshipment points (such as railway stations, inland ports, airports, seaports and container terminals) in combined traffic connect sub-networks of different modes of transport.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Partim transshipment volumes|url=https://transport.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2016-09/2014-01-08-partim-transshipment-volumes.pdf|access-date=2024-06-27|work=transport.ec.europa.eu}}</ref> For example, a seaport links the maritime transportation network with inland waterways, ie. inland waterways, rail networks, road networks and water networks.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Maritime Transportation|url=https://transportgeography.org/contents/chapter5/maritime-transportation/|access-date=2024-06-27|work=transportgeography.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Inland Waterway Transport Embedded In Urban Logistics|url=https://inland-navigation-market.org/chapitre/2-inland-waterway-transport-embedded-in-urban-logistics/|access-date=2024-06-27|work=inland-navigation-market.org}}</ref> So, for example, the forward movement to the station / airport / port may be done by transportation companies, the main movement by rail carriers / airlines / shipping companies, and the onward movement again by carriers.
== Economic aspects ==
Economic theory discusses that overexploitation (disruption of the road network, overgrazing of agricultural land, overfishing of the world's oceans, overhunting of wildlife) of universal goods such as roads, forests, and bodies of water can occur because there is no or too low a market price for their use (The Tragedy of the Universals).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Transportation Infrastructure|url=https://support.route4me.com/faq/route-planning-glossary/what-is-transportation-infrastructure/|access-date=2024-06-27|work=support.route4me.com}}</ref> With traffic congestion, there is over-exploitation of transportation networks.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Congestion Report 2020|url=https://t4america.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Congestion-Report-2020-FINAL.pdf|access-date=2024-06-27|work=t4america.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Truth About Traffic Congestion|url=https://urbanscale.com/blog/the-truth-about-traffic-congestion/|access-date=2024-06-27|work=urbanscale.com}}</ref> Initially a public road becomes a community asset during times of traffic congestion and a public asset when there is little traffic and the road user must pay road tolls.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Urban traffic congestion: New laws and how to prepare|url=https://www.geotab.com/blog/urban-traffic-congestion/|access-date=2024-06-27|work=www.geotab.com}}</ref> Eventually, in the case of traffic congestion and tolls, it even becomes private property. The same applies to rail, sea and air transportation in general.
==See also==
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