Visual cortex: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 14:08, 26 May 2024

Revision as of 12:44, 1 July 2024

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=== Ventral-dorsal model ===

V1 transmits information to two primary pathways, called the ventral stream and the dorsal stream.<ref>{{cite book |title=Computer Vision, Imaging and Computer Graphics Theory and Applications |___location=Berlin, Germany |first1=José |last1=Braz |first2=Julien |last2=Pettré |first3=Paul |last3=Richard |first4=Andreas |last4=Kerren |first5=Lars |last5=Linsen |first6=Sebastiano |last6=Battiato |first7=Francisco |last7=Imai |publisher=[[Springer (publisher)|Springer]] |date=February 11, 2016 |page=377 |isbn=978-3-319-29971-6 |chapter=Algorithmic Optimnizations in the HMAX Model Targeted for Efficient Object Recognition |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hpKRCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA377 |editor-last=Bitar |editor-first=Ahmad W. |editor2-last=Mansour |editor2-first=Mohamad M. |editor3-last=Chehab |editor3-first=Ali}}</ref>

* The '''[[Two-streams hypothesis#Ventral stream|ventral stream]]''' begins with V1, goes through visual area V2, then through visual area V4, and to the [[inferior temporal cortex]] (IT cortex). The ventral stream, sometimes called the "What Pathway", is associated with form recognition and object representation. It is also associated with storage of [[long-term memory]].

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More recently, [[Melvyn A. Goodale|Goodale]] and Milner extended these ideas and suggested that the ventral stream is critical for visual perception whereas the dorsal stream mediates the visual control of skilled actions.<ref name="GoodaleMilner">{{cite journal |year=1992 |title=Separate pathways for perception and action |journal=Trends in Neurosciences |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=20–25 |doi=10.1016/0166-2236(92)90344-8 |pmid=1374953 |vauthors=Goodale MA, Milner AD |citeseerx=10.1.1.207.6873 |s2cid=793980}}</ref> It has been shown that visual illusions such as the [[Ebbinghaus illusion]] distort judgements of a perceptual nature, but when the subject responds with an action, such as grasping, no distortion occurs.<ref name="Aglioti1995">{{cite journal |year=1995 |title=Size-contrast illusions deceive the eye but not the hand |journal=Current Biology |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=679–85 |doi=10.1016/S0960-9822(95)00133-3 |pmid=7552179 |vauthors=Aglioti S, DeSouza JF, Goodale MA |s2cid=206111613 |doi-access=free|bibcode=1995CBio....5..679A }}</ref>

Work such as the onethat from Franz ''et al.''<ref name="Franz2005">{{cite journal |year=2005 |title=Illusion effects on grasping are temporally constant not dynamic |journal=Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance |volume=31 |issue=6 |pages=1359–78 |doi=10.1037/0096-1523.31.6.1359 |pmid=16366795 |vauthors=Franz VH, Scharnowski F, Gegenfurtner KR}}</ref> suggests that both the action and perception systems are equally fooled by such illusions. Other studies, however, provide strong support for the idea that skilled actions such as grasping are not affected by pictorial illusions<ref name="Ganel2003">{{cite journal |year=2003 |title=Visual control of action but not perception requires analytical processing of object shape |journal=Nature |volume=426 |issue=6967 |pages=664–7 |doi=10.1038/nature02156 |pmid=14668865 |vauthors=Ganel T, Goodale MA |bibcode=2003Natur.426..664G |s2cid=4314969}}</ref><ref name="Ganel2008">{{cite journal |year=2008 |title=A double dissociation between action and perception in the context of visual illusions: opposite effects of real and illusory size |journal=Psychological Science |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=221–5 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02071.x |pmid=18315792 |vauthors=Ganel T, Tanzer M, Goodale MA |s2cid=15679825}}</ref> and suggest that the action/perception dissociation is a useful way to characterize the functional division of labor between the dorsal and ventral visual pathways in the cerebral cortex.<ref name="Goodale2011">{{cite journal |year=2011 |title=Transforming vision into action |journal=Vision Research |volume=51 |issue=14 |pages=1567–87 |doi=10.1016/j.visres.2010.07.027 |pmid=20691202 |vauthors=Goodale MA |doi-access=free}}</ref>

== Primary visual cortex (V1) ==